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27. Must I stand and crouch under your humour?
28. Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells !
29. He followed the letter, but not the spirit of the law.
30. One truth is clear: whatever is, is right.
31. I came, I saw, I conquered.
32. Labour, wide as the earth, has its summit in heaven,
33. Just for a handful of silver Vie left us.
34. They were swifter than eagles; they were stronger than lions.
35. Swiftly flies the feathered death.
36. It is a wise father that knows his own child.
37. Brave Macbeth, with his brandished steel, carved out his passage.
38. Sweet Thames ! run softly, till I end my song.
39. There is only one cure for the evils which newly acquired freedom produces-and that
cure is freedom.
40. Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain,
Where health and plenty cheered the labouring swain.
41. So spake the seraph Abdiel faithful found.
Among the faithless, faithful only he.
42. Youth is full of pleasure,
Age is full of care.
43. Like the dew on the mountain,
Like the foam on the river.
Like the bubble on the fountain,
Thou art gone and for ever.
44. Can Honour's voice provoke the silent dust,
Or Flattery soothe the dull cold ear of Death?
45. Golden lads and girls all must,
As chimney-sweepers, come to dust.
46. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears still a precious jewel in its head.
47. The naked every day he clad
When he put on his clothes.
48. O mischief, thou art swift
To enter in the thoughts of. desperate men.
49. Knowledge is proud that it knows so much,
Wisdom is humble that it knows no more.
50. At once they rush'd
Together, as two eagles on one prey
Come rushing down together from the clouds,
One from east, one from west.
51. Errors, like straws, upon the surface flow,
He who would search for pearls must dive below,
52. The best way to learn a language is to speak it.
53. Sceptre and crown
Must tumble down,
And in the dust be equal made
With the poor crooked scythe and spade.
54. O Solitude ! where are the charms
That sages have seen in thy face?
55. I thought ten thousand swords must have leapt from their scabbards to
avenge a look that threatened her with insult.
56. The soldier fights for glory, and a shilling a day.
57. His honour rooted in dishonour stood,
And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.
58. They speak like saints, and act like devils.
59. He was a learned man among lords, and a lord among learned men.
60. Speech was given to man to conceal his thoughts.
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PART III
STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 30
VERB PATTERNS
Pattern 1
Subject+Verb.
This is the simplest of verb patterns. The subject is followed by an intransitive verb,
which expresses complete sense without the help of any other words.
Subject -- Verb
1. Birds -- fly.
2. Fire -- burns.
3. The moon -- is shining.
4. The baby -- is crying.
5. Kamala -- was singing.
6. The bell -- has rung.
7. The sun -- rose.
Pattern 2
Subject+verb+subject complement
The complement usually consists of a noun (examples 1&2), a pronoun (3 & 4), or an
adjective (5,6, 7 & 8).
Subject -- Verb -- Subject Complement
1. This -- is -- a pen.
2. His brother – became -- a soldier.
3. It -- is -- I me
4. That book -- is-- mine.
5. Gopal -- looks -- sad.
6. My father -- grew -- angry.
7. The children -- kept -- quiet.
8. The milk -- has turned -- sour.
Pattern 3
Subject + verb + direct object
Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
1. I -- know -- his address.
2. The boy -- has lost -- his pen.
3. Mohan -- opened -- the door.
4. Who -- broke -- the jug?
5. Mr, Pill -- has bought -- a car.
6. You -- must wash -- yourself.
7. We -- should help -- the poor.
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Pattern 4
Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
Subject -- Verb -- Indirect -- Direct Object
1. I -- lent -- her -- my pen.
2. The teacher -- gave -- us -- homework.
3. We --have paid -- him -- the money.
4. The old man -- told --us -- the whole story.
5. You -- must tell -- the police -- the truth.
6. I -- have bought --my sister --a watch.
7. He -- didn't leave -- us -- any.
8. - -- Show -- me -- your hands.
Pattern 5
Subject + verb + direct objects preposition + prepositional object
Subject -- Verb -- Direct -- Preposition -- Prepositional object
1. I -- lent -- my pen -- to -- a friend of mine.
2. The teacher -- gave -- homework -- to -- all of us.
3. We -- have paid -- the money -- to -- the proprietor.
4. He -- told -- the news -- to -- everybody in the village.
5. He -- promised -- the money -- to -- me (not to you).
6. I -- have bought -- a watch -- for -- my sister.
7. Mr. Raman -- sold -- his car -- to-- a man from Mumbai.
8. She -- made -- coffee -- for -- all of us.
Many verbs can be used both in Pattern 4 and in Pattern 5. Pattern 5 is preferred when the
direct object is less important or when the indirect object is longer than the direct object.
Pattern 6
Subject + verb + noun/pronoun + adjective
Subject -- Verb -- Noun/ Pronoun -- Adjective
1. The boy -- pushed -- the door -- open.
2. The smith -- beat -- it --flat.
3. She -- washed -- the -- plates -- clean.
4. The -- thief -- broke -- the safe --open.
5. He -- turned -- the -- lamp -- low.
6. You -- have made -- your shirt -- dirty.
7. I -- like -- my coffee -- strong.
8. We -- found -- the trunk -- empty.
In examples 1-6, the adjective denotes a state that results from the action expressed by the
verb. In the last two examples the noun and the adjective combine to be the object of the
verb.
The chief verbs used in this pattern include, keep, beat, drive,make, paint, leave, turn,
find, like, wish.
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Pattern 7
Subject + verb + preposition + prepositional object
Subject -- Verb -- Preposition -- Prepositional Object
1. We -- are waiting -- for -- Suresh.
2. He -- agreed -- to -- our proposal.
3. You -- can't count -- on -- his help.
4. These -- books -- belong -- to -- me.
5. His uncle -- met -- with -- an accident.
6. She -- complained -- of -- his rudeness.
7. He -- failed -- in -- his attempt.
Pattern 8
Subject + verb + to-infinitive (as object of the verb)
Subject --Verb -- to-infinitive, etc. (object of the verb)
1. She -- wants -- to go.
2. I -- forgot -- to post the letter.
3. He -- fears -- to speak in public.
4. They -- intend -- to postpone the trip.
5. Ramesh -- proposes -- to go into business.
6. We -- would like -- to visit the museum.
7. I -- hoped -- to get a first class.
8. He -- decided -- not to go there.
The commonest verbs used in this pattern are: like, love, prefer, begin, start, agree, try,
attempt, choose, continue, intend, propose, desire, wish, want, hate, dislike, hope, expect,
promise, refuse, fear, remember, forget, offer, learn.
Pattern 9
Subject + verb + noun/pronoun + to-infinitive.
Subject -- Verb -- Noun/ Pronoun -- to-infinitive, etc.
1. I -- would like -- you -- to stay.
2. We -- asked -- him -- to go.
3. He -- helped -- me -- to carry the box.
4. She -- advised -- him -- to study medicine.
5. The doctor -- ordered -- Gopi -- to stay in bed.
6. They -- warned -- us -- not to be late.
7. I -- can't allow -- you -- to smoke.
8. Who -- taught -- you -- to swim?
The chief verbs used in this pattern include ask, tell, order, command, persuade,
encourage, urge, want, wish, request, intend, expect, force, tempt, teach, invite, help,
warn, like, love, hate, allow, permit, remind, cause, mean, dare.
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Pattern 10
Subject + verb + gerund.
Subject -- Verb -- Gerund, etc.
1. She -- began -- singing.
2. He -- has finished -- talking.
3. I -- hate -- borrowing money.
4. You -- mustn't miss -- seeing him.
5. Mr Bannerjee -- loves -- teaching.
6. My brother -- enjoys -- playing cricket.
7. I -- suggest -- burning that letter.
8. - -- Don't keep -- saying that.
In this pattern the gerund is the object of the verb. The chief verbs used in this pattern
include begin, start, love, like, hate, stop, finish, enjoy, prefer, fear, remember, forget,
mind, miss, suggest, practise, try, understand, keep, help, advise, admit, avoid, consider,
intend, delay, deny.
Pattern 11
Subject + verb + noun/pronoun + present participle
Subject --Verb -- Noun/ Pronoun -- Present Participle
1. I -- saw -- him -- crossing the bridge.
2. We -- smell -- something -- burning.
3. We -- noticed -- the boy -- walking down the street.
4. She -- caught -- him -- opening your letters.
5. They -- found -- him -- playing cards.
6. She -- kept -- the fire -- burning.
7. - -- (Please) start -- the clock -- going.
The verbs used in this pattern include see, hear, smell, feel, watch, notice, find, observe,
listen, get, catch, keep, leave, set, start
Pattern 12
Subject + verb + noun/pronoun + plain infinitive
Subject -- Verb -- Noun/ Pronoun -- Plain infinitive
1. I -- saw -- him -- go out.
2. She -- watched -- him -- steal the watch.
3. We --Heard -- her -- sing.
4. The thief -- felt -- someone -- touch his arm,
5. - -- Let -- me -- go.
6. We -- made -- Tom -- behave well.
7. He -- bade -- them -- leave the house.
The chief verbs used in this pattern are: see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, let,
help, bid.
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Pattern 13
Subject + verb + noun/pronoun + past participle.
Subject -- Verb -- Noun/ Pronoun -- Past Participle
1. I -- heard -- my name -- called.
2. I -- want -- this letter -- typed.
3. She -- felt -- herself -- lifted up.
4. You -- should get -- that tooth -- pulled out.
5. He -- had -- his suit -- cleaned.
6. We -- found -- the house -- deserted.
The verbs used in this pattern are: see, hear, find, feel, want, wish, like, make, prefer, get,
have.
Pattern 14
Subject + verb + noun/pronoun + (to be + ) complement
The complement may be an adjective, adjective phrase or noun.
Subject -- Verb -- Noun/Pronoun -- (to be + ) Complement
1. I -- consider -- the plan -- (to be) unwise.
2. We -- thought -- him -- (to be) foolish.
3. People -- supposed -- him -- (to be) a patriot.
4. They -- reported -- Robert -- (to be) a reliable person.
5. The court -- appointed -- her -- guardian of the orphan child.
6. The club -- chose -- Mr Sunder -- treasurer.
7. She -- called -- him -- a fool.
The chief verbs used in this pattern are: appoint, choose, elect, make, call, name,
nominate, crown, christen.
Pattern 15
Subject + verb + that-clause (object of the verb)
Subject -- Verb -- that-clause (object of the verb)
1. I -- suppose -- (that) he it not at home.
2. I -- expect -- (that) it will rain.
3. We -- hoped -- (that) you would succeed.
4. He -- says -- (that) he has met your uncle.
5. The teacher -- said -- he was very busy.
6. Padma -- suggested -- that we should go to the park.
7. He -- admitted -- that he had written the letter,
8. They -- complained -- that they had not been fairly treated.
That is often omitted, especially after say, think, suppose, hope, expect.
Among the important verbs used in this pattern are say, think, suppose, imagine, know,
believe, admit, confess, declare, suggest, complain, hope, expect, fear, feel, hear, intend,
notice, propose, show, understand, wonder.
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Pattern 16
Subject + verb + noun/pronoun + that-clause.
Subject -- Verb -- Noun/Pronoun -- that-clause
1. He -- told -- me -- (that) he was coming on Sunday.
2. I -- warned -- him -- that there were pickpockets in the crowd.
3. She -- has assured -- me -- that she is ready to help.
4. Venu -- promised -- us -- that he would be here at five.
5. -- We -- have informed -- him -- that we are leaving this afternoon.
6. -- He -- satisfied -- me -- that he could do the work well.
The chief verbs used in this pattern are tell, inform, promise, warn, remind, teach, assure,
satisfy.
Pattern 17
Subject + verb + interrogative + clause
Subject -- Verb -- Interrogative + clause
1. I -- asked -- where he was going.
2. Nobody -- knows -- when he will arrive.
3. I -- wonder -- what he wants.
4. She -- showed -- how annoyed she was.
5. Tom -- could not decide -- what he should do next.
6. I -- can't imagine -- why she has behaved like that.
7. - -- Find out -- when the train is due.
The important verbs used in this pattern are say, ask, wonder, know, believe, imagine,
decide, discuss, understand, show, reveal, find out, suggest, tell (especially in the
interrogative and negative).
Pattern 18
Subject + verb + noun/pronoun + interrogative + clause
Subject -- Verb -- Noun/Pronoun -- Interrogative + clause
1. She -- asked -- me -- when you had gone.
2. - -- Tell -- us -- what it is.
3. I -- showed -- them -- how they should do it.
4. - -- (Please) advise -- me -- what I should do.
5. - -- (Please) inform -- me -- where I should turn off the road.
6. Can -- you tell -- me -- where he lives?
The chief verbs used in this pattern are tell, ask, show, teach, advise, inform.
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Pattern 19
Subject + verb + interrogative + to-infinitive
Subject -- Verb -- Interrogative + to-infinitive, etc.
1. I -- don't know -- how to do it.
2. I -- wonder -- where to spend the weekend.
3. She -- knows -- how to drive a car.
4. He -- forgot -- when to turn.
5. Tom -- couldn't decide -- what to do next.
6. We -- must find out -- where to put it.
7. - -- Remember -- how to do it.
The commonest verbs used in this pattern are know, understand, wonder, remember,
forget, decide, settle, find out, enquire, see, explain, guess, learn, consider.
Pattern 20
Subject + verb + noun/pronoun + (interrogative + to-infinitive.)
Subject -- Verb -- Noun/ Pronoun -- Interrogate + to-infinitive
1. I -- shall show -- you -- how to operate it.
2. He -- has taught -- me -- how to play chess.
3. They -- informed -- us -- where to turn off the road.
4. - -- (Please) advise -- me -- what to do.
5. - -- (Please) tell -- us -- how to get there.
6. We -- asked -- him -- where to get tickets.
The chief verbs used in this pattern are those illustrated in the table.
Exercise 126.
Make up five sentences on each of the patterns. (Do not copy the examples given in the
tables.)
CHAPTER 31
QUESTION TAGS, SHORT ANSWERS, ETC.
(1) Question Tags.
It is a common practice in conversation to make a statement and ask for confirmation; as,
'It's very hot, isn't it?' The later part ('isn't it?') is called a question tag. The pattern is (i)
auxiliary+n 't +subject, if the statement is positive, ((7) auxiliary + subject, if the
statement is negative.
(i) It's raining, isn't it?
You are free, aren't you?
She can swim well, can't she?
Gopi broke the glass, didn't he?
Your sister cooks well, doesn't she?
(ii) You aren't busy, are you?
She can’t swim, can she?
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Mohan doesn't work hard, does he?
They haven't come yet, have they?
Note that the subject of the question tag is always a pronoun, never a noun.
Note these peculiarities:
I am right, aren't I?
Let's go to the beach, shall we?
Wait a minute, can you?
Have some more rice, will you?
There is a mosque in that street, isn't there?
There are some girls in your class, aren't there?
Somebody has called, haven't they?
(2) Short Answers.
The following is the most usual form of short answers to verbal questions (i.e., questions
beginning with an auxiliary):
Yes + pronoun + auxiliary
Or: No + pronoun + auxiliary + n't (not)
Are you going to school? -- Yes, I am.\ No, I am not.
Can you drive a car? -- Yes, I can.\ No, I can't.
Is your son married? -- Yes, he is.\ No, he isn't.
Does Venu work hard? -- Yes, he does.\ No, he doesn't.
Did he say anything? -- Yes, he did.\No, he didn't.
(3) Agreements and Disagreements with Statements.
Agreements with affirmative statements are made with Yes/So/Of course + pronoun +
auxiliary.
It is a good film. - Yes, it is.
Mohan has already come. - So he has.
He can speak Hindi very well. - Of course he can.
He looks dishonest. - Yes, he does.
Agreements with negative statements are made with No + pronoun + auxiliary + n't/not.
The apples aren't good. - No, they aren't. She doesn't like fish. No, she doesn't. He can't
help coughing. No, he can't, They haven't played well. No, they haven't.
Disagreements with affirmative statements are made with No/Oh no + pronoun +
auxiliary + n't/not. But is used in disagreement with a question or an assumption.
He is drunk. - No, he isn't.
You are joking. - Oh no, I'm not.
Why did you beat him? - But I didn't.
I suppose she knows Bangali, - But she does’nt.
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Disagreements with negative statements are made with (Oh) yes/ (Oh) but + pronoun +
auxiliary.
You can't understand it. - Yes, I can.
He won't come again. - But he will.
You don't know him. - Oh yes, I do.
I didn't break it. - Oh but you did.
(4) Additions to Remarks.
Affirmative additions to affirmative remarks are made with So + auxiliary + subject.
Anand likes oranges. So do I.
She must go home. So must I.
He was late for the meeting. So were you.
I've finished my homework. So has my sister.
Negative additions to negative remarks are made with Nor/Neither + auxiliary + subject.
Ramesh doesn't like sweets. Nor do I.
He didn't believe it. Neither did I.
I can't do the sum. Nor can my father.
Tom wasn't there. Neither was Peter.
Negative additions to affirmative remarks are made with But + subject + auxiliary +
n't/not.
He knows German. But I don't.
I understood the joke. But Mary didn't.
He knows how to cook. But his wife doesn't.
I can play chess. But my brother can't.
Affirmative additions to negative remarks are made with But + subject + auxiliary.
He doesn't know her. But I do.
I didn't see the film. But Gopi did.
He can't play cricket. But I can.
She wasn't late. But you were.
Exercise 127
Add question tags to the following:-
1. It's very hot today, ---
2. You like him,---.
3. Kishore will come, ---.
4. We must hurry, ---.
5. He will never give up, ---.
6. Your father is a doctor, ---.
7. You have tea for breakfast ---.
8. I didn't hurt you, ---.
9. You aren’t going out, ---.
10. They have sold the house, ---.
11. I needn't get up early tomorrow, ---.
15. He didn't paint it himself, ---.
13. Gopal hasn't passed the exam, ---.
14. They will go home soon, ---.
12. It isn't ready yet, ---.
13. Gopal has’nt passed the exam, ---.
14. They will go home soon, ---.
15. He did’nt paint it himself, ---.
Exercise 128
Answer the following questions (a) in the affirmative, (b) in the negative.
1. Can you swim?
2. Do you like sweets?
3. Are you angry with me?
4. Is it going to rain?
5. Am I in your way?
6. Does your father smoke?
9. Is Suresh staying with his uncle?
8. Will they be at the cinema?
7. Did you go to college yesterday?
8. Will they be at the cinema?
9. Is Suresh staying with his uncle?
10. Has he met you?
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Exercise 129
I. Agree with the following statements, using Yes/So/Of course +pronoun + auxiliary.
1. Children like playing.
2. He has left already.
3. My aunt came yesterday.
4. They are playing beautiful music.
6. Abdul has come to see you.
5. Mr, Mukherji knows ten languages.
II. Agree with the following statements, using No + pronoun + auxiliary + n't/not.
1. He doesn't like tea.
2. You haven't played well.
3. Your brother doesn't look his age.
4. She didn't complain.
6. Ramesh didn't attend the party.
5. He can't speak English fluently.
III. Disagree with the following statements. (Use the pattern No/Oh no/But + pronoun
auxiliary + n't/not).
1. He lied.
2. She has promised to obey you.
3. Why nave you spoiled my pen?
4. The boy will hurt himself.
6. You are in the wrong.
5. I suppose he is honest.
IV. Disagree with the following statements, using the pattern (Oh)yes/(Oh) But +
pronoun + auxiliary).
1. You can't do the sum.
2. Radha doesn't like you.
3. He isn't reading.
4. She won't come.
6. I don't know where you went.
5. I am not in your way.
Exercise 130
I. Add to the following remarks either freely or using the suggestions in brackets.
(Pattern: So + auxiliary + subject).
1. Venu came late. (Gopi)
2. My friend lives in Mumbai.(his sister)
3. Oranges were very dear, (bananas)
4. I've read the book, (my brother)
5. Madhu can speak Tamil, (his wife)
6. I must leave today, (you)
II. Add to the following remarks, either freely or using the suggestions in brackets.
(Pattern: Nor/Neither + auxiliary + subject).
1. I don't like meat, (my wife)
2. She could't help laughing. (I)
3. This book doesn't belong to me. (that)
4. Monday's debate wasn't very interesting. (Wednesday's)
5. She doesn't know me quite well, (her husband)
6. You didn't notice him. (I)
III. Add contradictory statements to the following, either freely or using the suggestions
in brackets. (Pattern: But + subject + auxiliary + n 't/not. )
1. He can type well. (I)
2. I won the election, (my friend)
3. My sister can speak Marathi, (I)
4. I like playing chess, (she)
5. He knows me well, (his brother)
6. Hindi is easy to learn. (English)
IV. Add contradictory statements to the following either freely or using the suggestions in
brackets. (Pattern; But/+subject+auxiliary).
