They will have been loving -- ---
(II) THE IMPERATIVE
Love -- Be loved
(III) NON-FINISHES
Present Infinitive -- to love -- to be loved
Continuous Infinitive -- to be loving -- ---
Perfect Participle -- to have loved -- to have been loved
Present Participle -- loving -- being loved
Perfect Participle -- having loved -- having been loved
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CHAPTER 34
THE ADVERB
328. Read the following sentences:-
1. Rama runs quickly.
2. This is a very sweet mango.
3. Govind reads quite clearly.
In sentence 1, quickly shows how (or in what manner) Rama runs; that is, quickly
modifies the Verb runs.
In sentence 2, very shows how much (or in what degree) the mango is sweet; that is, very
modifies the Adjective sweet.
In sentence 3, quite shows how far (or to what extent) Govind reads clearly; that is, quite
modifies the Adverb clearly.
A word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another Adverb is called an
Adverb. The words quickly, very, and quite are, therefore, Adverbs.
Def.- An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a Verb, an Adjective or
another Adverb.
329. In the following sentences Adverbs modify phrases:-
She was sitting close beside him.
At what hour is the sun right above us?
Have you read all through this book?
She was dressed all in white.
He paid his debts down to the last penny.
330. Adverbs standing at the beginning of sentences sometimes modify the whole
sentence, rather than any particular word; as,
Probably he is mistaken. [=It is probable that he is mistaken.]
Possibly it is as you say. Certainly you are wrong.
Evidently the figures are incorrect.
Unfortunately no one was present there.
Luckily he escaped unhurt.
Kinds of Adverbs
331. Adverbs may be divided into the following classes, according to their meaning :-
(1) Adverbs of Time (which show when)
I have heard this before.
That day he arrrived late.
We shall now begin to work.
He called here a few minutes ago.
I had a letter from him lately.
The end soon came.
He comes here daily.
I hurt my knee yesterday.
I have spoken to him already.
Wasted time never returns.
He once met me in Cairo
I have not seen him since.
Mr. Gupta formerly lived here.
(2) Adverbs of Frequency (which show how often).
I have told you twice.
I have not seen him once.
He often makes mistakes;
He seldom comes here.
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The postman called again.
He always tries to do his best.
He frequently comes unprepared.
(3) Adverbs of Place (which show where).
Stand here.
Go there.
The little lamb followed Mary everywhere.
My brother is out.
As in.
Walk backward.
He looked up.
Is Mr. Das within?
The horse galloped away.
(4) Adverbs of Manner (which show how or in what manner).
The Sikhs fought bravely.
The boy works hard.
I was agreeably disappointed.
Is that so?
Thus only, will you succeed.
Govind reads clearly.
This story is well written.
The child slept soundly.
Slowly and sadly we laid him down.
You should not do so.
[Note-This class includes nearly all those Adverbs which are derived from adjectives and
end in -ly.]
(5) Adverbs of Degree or Quantity (which show how much, or in what degree or to what
extent).
He was too careless.
Is that any better?
These mangoes are almost ripe.
I am fully prepared.
You are quite wrong.
The sea is very stormy.
I am rather busy.
He is good enough for my purpose.
I am so glad.
You are partly right.
You are altogether mistaken.
Things are no better at present.
She sings pretty well.
He is as tall as Rama.
(6) Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation
Surely you are mistaken. He certainly went.
(7) Adverbs of Reason
He is hence unable to refute the charge.
He therefore left school.
332. Some of the above Adverbs may belong to more than one class
She sings delightfully. (Adverb of Manner)
The weather is delightfully cool. (Adverb of Degree)
Don't go far. (Adverb of Place)
He is far better now. (Adverb of Degree)
Note- The above are all examples of Simple Adverbs (See § 336)
333. Yes and no, when they are used by themselves, are equivalents of sentences.
Have you typed the letter? Yes.
[Here yes stands for the sentence I have typed the letter'.]
Are you going to Japan? No.
[Here no means 'I am not going to Japan.]
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Exercise in Grammar 60
In the following sentences (1) pick out the Adverbs and tell what each modifies; (2) tell
whether the modified word is a Verb, an Adjective, or an Adverb; (3) classify each
Adverb as an Adverb of time, place, manner, degree, etc. :-
1. He was ill pleased.
2. Try again.
3. He is too shy.
4. We rose very early.
5. I am so glad to hear it.
6. Cut it lengthwise.
7. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
8. Are you quite sure.
9. That is well said.
10. Once or twice we have met alone.
11. The railway station is far off.
12. I have heard this before.
13. Father is somewhat better.
14. I am much relived to hear it.
15. The walk was rather long.
16. The patient is much worse to-day.
17. She arrived a few minutes ago.
18. Ambition urges me forward.
19. She was dressed all in black.
20. We were very kindly received.
21. Her son is out in Iran.
22. I surely expect him to-marrow.
23. He could not speak, he was so angry.
24. You are far too hasty.
25. The secret is out.
26. He is old enough to know better.
27. I would much rather not go.
28. You need not roar.
29. Your watch is five minutes too fast.
30. He went off on Monday.
31. His health is no worse than before.
32. Wisdom is too high for a fool.
33. There is a screw loose somewhere.
34. I see things differently now.
35. Rome was not built in a day.
36. The door burst open and in they came.
37. We have scorched the snake, not killed it.
38. Do not crowd your work so closely together.
39. The patient is not better to-day.
40. He must needs to do.
41. Do not walk so fast.
42. Put not your trust in princes.
43. Order the carriage round.
44. He has been shamefully treated.
45. I wonder you never told me.
334. When Adverbs are used in asking questions they are called Interrogative Adverbs;
as,
Where is Abdul? [Inter. Adverb of Place]
When did you come? [Inter. Adverb of Time]
Why are you late? [Inter. Adverb of Reason]
How did you contrive it? [Inter. Adverb of Manner]
How many boys are there in your class? [Inter. Adverb of Number]
How high is Rajabai Tower? [Inter. Adverb of Degree]
335. Read the sentences:-
Show me the house where (=in which) he was assaulted.
Here the Adverb where modifies the verb, was assaulted.
Further the Adverb where, like a Relative Pronoun, here relates or refers back to its
antecedent house. It is, therefore, called a Relative Adverb.
Further examples of Relative Adverbs:-
This is the reason why I left.
Do you know the time when the Punjab Mail arrives?
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
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336. It will be now seen that according to their use, Adverbs are divided into three
classes-
(1) Simple Adverbs, used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or an adverb; as,
I can hardly believe it.
You are quite wrong.
How brightly the moon shines.
(2) Interrogative Adverbs, used to ask questions; as,
Why are you late?
(3) Relative Adverbs, which refer back to a noun as their antecedent; as,
I remember the house where I was born.
337. It will be noticed that -
(1) A Simple Adverb merely modifies some word.
(2) An Interrogative Adverb not only modifies some word, but also introduces a question.
(3) A Relative Adverb not only modifies some word, but also refers back to some
antecedent.
Forms of Adverbs
338. Some Adverbs are the same in form as the corresponding Adjectives; that is, some
words are used sometimes as Adjectives, sometimes as Adverbs.
Adjectives
He spoke in a loud voice.
Rama is our fast bowler.
He lives in the next house.
He went to the back entrance.
Every little difficulty ruffles his temper.
This is a hard sum.
It's an ill wind that blows nobody good.
He is the best boy in this class.
He is quick to take offence.
Are you an early riser?
The teacher has a high opinion of that boy.
He is the only child of his parents.
We have food enough to last a week.
He is no better than a fool.
There is much truth in what he says.
Adverbs
Don't talk so loud.
Rama can bowl fast.
When I next see him, I shall speak to him.
Go back.
He is little known outside India.
He works hard all day, I can ill afford to lose him.
He behaves best.
Run quick.
We started early.
Always aim high.
You can only guess.
She sings well enough.
He knows me better than you.
The patient is much better.
Remember that it is only by noticing tell what Part of Speech it is.
Exercise in Composition 61
Form sentences to illustrate the use of the following words (1) Adjectives, (2) as
Aderbs:-
Very, near, ill, only, clean, long, late, early, fast.
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339. Some Adverbs have two forms, the form ending in /y and the form which is the
same as the Adjective; as,
He sings very loud.
He sings very loudly.
Sometimes, however, the two forms of the Adverb have different meanings; as,
Rama works hard (= diligently).
I could hardly (= scarcely) recognize him.
Stand near. (Opposed to distant)
Rama and Hari are nearly (= closely) related.
He arrived late. (Opposed to early).
I have not seen him lately (= recently).
I am pretty (= tolerably, fairly) sure of the fact.
She is prettily (= neatly, elegantly) dressed.
340. Some Adverbs are used as Nouns after prepositions; as,
He lives far from here (= this place).
He comes from there (= that place).
I have heard that before now (= this time).
By then (= that time) the police arrived on the scene.
Since when (= what time) have you taken to smoking?
The rain comes from above.
[Note. The common use of from with thence and whence is wrong. Thence- from there;
whence = from where. Thus the addition of from to either of these words is incorrect].
341. Certain Adverbs sometimes seem to be used as Adjectives, when some participle or
adjective is understood.
The then king = the king then reigning.
A down train = a down-going train.
An up train = an up-going train.
The above statement = the statement made above.
342. In the following sentences the is not the definite article, but an old demonstrative
pronoun used as an Adverb.
The more the merrier [= by how much the more by so much the merrier; that is, the more
numerous a party is, the more enjoyable it is]. The fewer the better = by how much the
fewer by so much the better. The sooner the better] = by how much the sooner by so
much the better]. He has tried it and is [so much] the better for it.
It will be noticed that the is used as an Adverb only with an adjective or another adverb in
the comparative degree.
343. Nouns expressing adverbial relations of time, place, distance, weight, measurement,
value, degree, or the like, are often used as Adverbs. Thus-
• The siege lasted a week.
• This will last me a month.
• He went home.
• We walked five miles.
• The load weighs three tonnes.
• It measures five feet.
• The cloth measures three meters.
• The watch is worth a thousand rupees.
• The wound was skin deep.
A noun so used is called an Adverbial Accusative.
344. Sometimes Verbs are used as Adverbs; as,
Smack went the whip.
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CHAPTER 35
COMPARISON OF ADVRBS
345. Some Adverts, like Adjectives, have three degrees of comparison. Such Adverbs are
generally compared like Adjectives.
346. If the Adverb is of one syllable, we form the Comparative by ending er, and the
Superlative by adding est, to the Positive; as,
Fast -- faster -- fastest
Haid -- harder -- hardest
Long -- longer -- longest
Soon -- sooner -- soonest
Rama ran fast. (Positive)
Arjun tan faster. (Comparative)
Hari ran fastest of all. (Superlative)
347. Adverbs ending in ly form the Comparative by adding more and the Superlative by
adding most; us.
Swiftly -- more swiftly -- most swiftly
Skilfully -- more skillfully -- most skilfully
Abdul played skilfully. (Positive)
Karim played mure skilfully than Abdul (Comparative)
Of all the eleven Ahmed played most skilfully. (Superlative)
But note early, earlier, earliest.
I came early this morning
Ram came earlier.
Abdul came earliest of all.
348. It will be noticed that only Adverbs of Manner, Degree, and Time admit of
comparison.
Many Adverbs, from their nature, cannot be compared; as,
Now, then, where, there, once.
349. Some of the commonest Adverbs form their Comparative and Superlative Degrees
irregularly.
Positive -- Comparative -- Superlative
Ill, badly -- worse -- worst
Well -- better -- best
Much -- more -- most
Little -- less -- least
(Nigh), near -- nearer -- nearest/next
Far -- (father, further) -- (farthest, furthest)
Late -- later -- last
Rama writes well
Arjun writes better than Rama.
Hari writes best of all.
Do you work mush?
I work more than, you do.
Hari works most of the three or us
Exercise in Grammar 62
Compare the following Adverbs :
Suddenly, Often, Near, Loud, Hard, Wisely, Patiently.
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CHAPTER 36
FORMATION OF ADVERBS
350. Adverbs of Manner are mostly formed from Adjectives by adding ly (a corruption of
like); as,
Clever, cleverly; wise, wisely; kind, kindly; foolish, foolishly; quick, quickly; beautiful,
beautifully.
Akbar was a wise king.
He ruled wisely for many years.
When the Adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, change v into i and add ly; as,
Happy, happily; ready, readily; heavy, heavily.
When the Adjective ends in le, simply change e into y; as,
Single, singly; double, doubly.
351. Some Adverbs are made up of a Noun and a qualifying Adjective; as,
Sometimes, meantime, meanwhile, yesterday, midway, otherwise.
352. Some Adverbs are compounds of on (weakened to a) and a Noun; as,
Afoot (= on foot), abed, asleep, ahead, aboard, away. Similarly there are other Adverbs
which are also compounds of some Preposition and a Noun; as,
Betimes, besides, to-day, to-morrow; overboard.
[Note.- The word be is an old form of the Preposition by.
353. Some Adverbs are compounds of a Preposition and an Adjective; as,
Abroad, along, aloud, anew, behind, below, beyond.
354. Some Adverbs are compounds of a Preposition and an Adverb; as,
Within, without, before, beneath.
355. There is a class of Adverbs which are derived from the Pronouns the (= that), he,
who.
ADVERBS
Pronouns (Place -- Motion -- Motion to -- Time from -- Manner)
The (There, thither, thence, then, thus)
He (here, hither, hence, …... , ……)
Who (where, whither, whence, when, how)
356. Many of the above Adverbs are compounded with Prepositions. Thus we get-
Thereby, therefrom, therein, thereof, thereon, thereto, there with; hereafter, hereby,
herein, hereupon, herewith; wherefore, wherein, whereon, whereof:
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hitherto;
thenceforth, thenceforward;
henceforth, henceforward.
357. Two Adverbs sometimes go together, joined by the Conjunction and; as,
again (= more than once, repeatedly),
by and by (= before long, presently, after a- time),
far and near (= in all directions),
far and wide (= comprehensively),
far and away (= by a great deal, decidedly, beyond all comparison,
first and foremost (= first of all),
.
.
now and then (= from time to time, occasionally),
now and again (= at intervals, sometimes, occasionally),
off and on (= not regularly, intermittently),
once and again (= on more than one occasion, repeatedly),
out and away (= beyond comparison, by far),
out and out (= decidedly, beyond all comparison),
over and above (= in addition to, besides, as well as),
over and over (= many times, frequently, repeatedly),
through and through (= thoroughly, completely),
thus and thus (= in such and such a way).
to and fro (= backwards and forwards, up and down).
Good books should be read again and again.
I warned him again and again,
By and by the tumult will subside.
His fame has spread far and near.
As a statesman he saw far and wide.
This is far and away the best course.
He is far and away the best bowler in our eleven.
He now and then writes on fiscal questions.
I write to him now and then.
He worked ten years, off and on, on his Pali Dictionary.
I have told you once and again that you must not read such trash.
This is out and away the best work on Astronomy.
He gained over and above this, the goodwill of all people.
Over and above being hard-working he is thoroughly honest.
He reads all the novels of Scott over and over.
I believe Sachin is out and out the best Indian batsman.
He has read Milton through and through.
Thus and thus only we shall succeed.
He walked to and fro, meditating.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
CHAPTER 37
POSITION OF ADVERBS
358. Adverbs of manner, which answer the question 'How?' (e.g., well, fast, quickly,
carefully, calmly) are generally placed after the verb or after the object if there is one; as,
It is raining heavily.
The ship is going slowly.
She speaks English well.
He does his work carefully.
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359. Adverbs or adverb phrases of place (e.g., here there, everywhere, on the wall) and of
time (e.g., now, then, yet, today, next Sunday) are also usually placed after the verb or
after the object if there is one; as,
He will come here.
I looked everywhere.
Hang the picture there.
I met him yesterday.
They are to be married next week.
360. When there are two or more adverbs after a verb (and its object), the normal order is
adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of time.
She sang well in the concert.
We should go there tomorrow evening.
He spoke earnestly at the meeting last night.
361. Adverbs of frequency, which answer the question 'How often?' (e.g., always, never,
often, rarely, usually, generally) and certain other adverbs like almost, already, hardly,
nearly, just, quite are normally put between the subject and the verb if the verb consists of
only one word; if there is more than one word in the verb, they are put after the first
word.
His wife never cooks.
He has never seen a tiger.
I have often told him to write neatly.
We usually have breakfast at eight.
My uncle has just gone out.
I quite agree with you.
362. If the verb is am/are/is/was, these adverbs are placed after the verb, as
I am never late for school.
He is always at home on Sundays.
We arc just off.
363. These adverbs are usually put before an auxiliary or the single verb be, when it is
stressed; as,
“Abdul has come late again.” “Yes, he always does come late.”
“When will you write the essay?” “But I already have written it.”
“Will you be free on Sundays?” “I usaully am free on Sundays.”
“Do you eat meat?” “Yes, I sometimes do.”
When an auxiliary is used alone in short responses, as in the last example above, it is
stressed and therefore the adverb comes before it.
364. The auxiliaries have to and used to prefer the adverb in front of them.
I often have to go to college on foot.
He always used to agree with me.
365. When an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb,
the adverb usually comes before it; as,
Rama is a rather lazy boy.
The dog was quite dead.
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The book is way interesting.
Do not speak so fast.
366. But the adverb enough is which it modifies; as,
Is the box big enough?
He was rash enough to interrupt.
He spoke loud enough to be heard.
367. As a general rule, the word only .should be placed immediately before the word it
modifies; as,
I worked only two sums.
He has slept only three hours.
In spoken English, however it is usually put before the verb. The required meaning is
obtained by stressing the word which the only modifies; as,
I only worked two sums.
He has only slept' three hours
Exercise in Composition 63
Insert the given adverbs (or adverb phrases)in their normal position :-
1. He invited me to visit him (often).
2. I am determined to yield this point (never)
3. I know the answer (already).
4. We have seen her (just, in, the square)
5. I have to reach the office (by 9 30, usually).
6. Will he be (there, still)?
7. I shall meet you (this evening, m the park).
8. The train has left (just).
9. “Can you park your car near the shops” “Yes, I can (usually).”
10. You have to check your oil before starting (always).
11. He is in time for meals (never).
12. We should come (here, one morning)
13. He has recovered from his illness(quite)
14. She goes to the cinema (seldom)
15. That is not good (enough).
16. You must say such a thing (never, again)
17. Suresh arrives (always, at 9 o'clock, at the office)
18. He played the violin (last night, brilliantly in the concert)
CHAPTER 38
THE PREPOSITION
368. Read
1. There is a cow in the field.
2. He is fond of tea.
3. The cat jumped of the chair.
In sentence 1, the word in shows the relation between two things - cow and field.
