Page 106
Exercise in Composition 56
In the following sentences change the verbs to the Past Tense:
1.Rama writes to his mother every week.
2. The wind blows furiously.
3. The boy stands on the burning deck.
4. The door flies open.
5. She sings sweetly.
6. The old woman sits in the sun.
7. Abdul swims very well indeed.
8. His voice shakes with emotion.
9. He drives a roaring trade.
10. He bears a grudge against his old uncle. .
11. He spends his time in idleness.
12. He feels sorry for his faults.
13. A portrait of Mahatma Gandhi hangs on the wall.
14. The kite flies gaily into the air.
15. He wears away his youth in trifles.
16. What strikes me is the generosity of the offer.
17. He sows the seeds of dissension.
18. They all tell the same story.
19. He lies in order to escape punishment.
20. He comes of a good line.
21. The boy runs down the road at top speed.
22. I do it of my own free will.
23. His parents withhold their consent to the marriage.
24. I forget his name.
25. He gets along fairly well.
26. They choose Mr. Malik to be their chairman.
27. He throws cold water on my plan.
28. The child clings to her mother.
29. Judas, overwhelmed with remorse, goes and hangs himself.
30. I know him for an American.
31. He swears a solemn oath that he is innocent.
32. In a fit of rage she tears up the letter.
33. Her head sinks on her shoulder.
34. She hides her face for shame.
35. My master bids me work hard.
36. The books lie in a heap on the floor.
37. She lays her handbag on the table.
Exercise in Composition 57
Fill in the Past Tense or Past Participle of verb given:-
See -- It is years since I --- him. He has --- his best days.
Fall -- Of late the custom has --- into disuse. The lot --- upon him.
Drink -- The toast was --- with great enthusiasm.
Speak -- He --- freely when he had drunk alcohol. Marathi is --- in Maharashtra.
Wear -- My patience --- out at last. The inscription has --- away in several places.
Tear -- In a fit of rage she --- up the letter. The country is --- by factions.
Sting -- He has been --- by a scorpion. The remark --- him.
Run -- You look as if you had --- all the way home. He --- for his life.
Forget -- Once Sydney Smith, being asked his name by the servant, found to his dismay
that he had --- his own name.
Choose -- A better day for a drive could not have been ---.
Com -- Computer technology has --- a long way since the 1970s.
Bite -- The old beggar was --- by a mad dog. A mad dog --- him.
Swim -- The boy has --- across the Indus.
Write -- I think he should have --- and told us. Honesty is --- on his face.
Lay -- He -- the book on the table. He had not --- a finger on him. They --- their heads
together.
Page 107
Lie -- We --- beneath a spreading oak. He has long --- under suspicion.
Take -- A beautiful short from cover point --- of the ball. He has --- a fancy to the boy.
Go -- Recently the price of sugar has --- up. The argument --- home. The verdict ---
against him.
Begin -- He had --- his speech before we arrived. He --- to talk non sense.
Bid -- Do as you are ---. He --- us good-bye. He --- two thousand rupees for the pony.
Ring -- Has the warning-bell ? I --- him up on the telephone.
Steal -- Someone has --- my purse. She --- his heart.
So -- You must reap what you have ---.
Drive -- Poor fellow ! he was --- very hard. They say he --- a hard bar gain.
Sing -- It seemed to me that she had never --- so well. Our bugles --- truce.
Shake -- He was much --- by the news. His voice --- as he spoke.
Eat -- He is --- up with pride. In the end he --- his words.
Do -- Let us have --- with it. I --- my duty.
Spring -- Homer describes a race of men who --- from the gods. The ship --- a leak.
Show -- Has Rustum --- you his camera? He --- a clean pair of heels.
Freeze -- The explorers were --- to death. The blood --- in their veins.
Strike -- I was --- by a stone. It never --- me before that he was old.
Mistake -- I found upon inquiry that I had --- the house. He --- me for my brother.
Shoe -- Go, ask the terrier whether he has --- the horses yet.
Strew -- His path was --- with flowers.
Sink -- His voice gradually --- to a whisper. --- And thousands had --- to the ground
overpower’d.
Tread -- Walking through the jungle, he --- on a snake.
Rise -- He has --- from the ranks. As his friends expected he --- to the occasion.
Beat -- On the arrival of a policeman, he --- a hasty retreat. He --- the Afghans in a
bloody battle. It was not the only battle in which they were ---.
Blow -- The tempest --- the ship ashore.
Catch -- Walking on the beach, we --- sight of a strange bird. He has --- a Tartar.
Have -- After the storm we --- a spell of fine weather.
Meet -- I --- a little cottage girl. The poor fellow has --- with many reverses.
Sleep -- We thought her dying when she ---.
Get -- He has --- hold of the wrong end of the stick.
Lead -- The faithful dog --- his blind master.
Awake -- And his disciples came to him, and --- him. I was soon --- from this
disagreeable reverie.
Bear -- I was --- away by an impulse.
Stand -- It has --- the test of time.
Sit -- He has, --- for the examination.
Know -- He says he has never --- sickness. I --- his antecedents.
Bind -- The prisoner was --- hand and foot.
Break -- He has --- his collar-bone.
Breed -- What is --- in the bone will not wear out of the flesh.
Strive -- I --- with none, for none was worth my strife.
Page 108
Give -- He never --- me a chance to speak. He is --- to opium-smoking.
Dream -- I --- I was in love again.
Weep -- I have --- a million tears.
Exercise in Composition 58
Fill in the Past Tense or Past Participle of verb given :-
Spin -- The story is tediously --- out.
Mean -- I --- it for a joke. He was --- for a lawyer.
Arise -- Suddenly the wind ---. There never has --- a great man who has not been
misunderstood.
Draw -- Who --- the first prize ? He has --- a wrong inference. The train --- up to the
station.
Understand -- I certainly --- you to make that promise. I am afraid I did not make myself
---.
Shoot -- He was accidentally --- in the arm.
Shrink -- He is not known ever to have --- from an encounter. There was no cruelty from
which the robber chief ---.
Smell -- I noticed that he --- of brandy.
Stick -- The cart --- in the mud.
Swear -- The soldiers --- allegiance to the Constitution of India. He was yesterday --- in
as a member of the Legislative Assembly.
Sweep -- The waves --- the pier. The pier was --- away. Plague --- off millions.
Cost -- Often a lie has --- a life. His folly --- him years of poverty.
Buy -- A rupee --- twice as much fifteen years ago.
Crow -- His enemies --- over his fall.
Deal -- He ---unfairly with his partner. The robber -- him a blow on the head.
Lose -- His rushness --- him his life. --- time is never found again. The man who yields to
the fascination of the gaming-table is ---.
Find -- Sir, I have --- you an argument; but I am not obliged to find you an understanding.
The picture --- its way to the auction-room.
Forgive -- Christ --- his crucifiers.
Sleep -- It is said of Akbar that he rarely --- more than three hours at a time.
Seek -- His company is greatly --- after. It might be truly said of him that he never ---
honour.
Hide -- Adam and his wife --- themselves from the presence of the Lord God.
Fall -- He --- never to rise again. A certain man went down from --- Jerusalem to Jericho,
and --- among thieves. He has --- asleep.
Set -- He has --- his heart on success. The teacher --- them an --- example.
Die -- He --- at a ripe old age.
See -- I --- her singing at her work. He has --- the ups and downs of life.
Spoil -- The news --- my dinner.
Leave -- He has --- a large family. The Police --- no stone unturned to trace the culprits.
Page 109
Grow -- Three years she --- in sun and shower. Some of these wars have --- out of
commercial considerations.
Think -- I have --- of a plan.
I --- of Chatterton, the marvellous boy.
Become -- He --- the slave of low desires.
Hear -- Not a drum was ---, not a funeral note. He hopes his prayer --- will be ---.
Fight -- He --- for the crown. He has a good fight.
Forsake -- His courage --- him. He has --- his old friends.
Teach -- The village master --- his little school. They have --- their tongue to speak lies.
Wring -- She --- her hands in agony. Any appeal for help --- her heart.
Wind -- He --- up by appealing to the audience to contribute to the fund.
Thrust -- He was --- through with a javelin.
Say -- He has --- the last word on the matter.
Fly -- The bird has --- away. The bird --- over the tree.
Flee -- The murderer has --- to Australia. The terrified people --- to the mountains.
Overflow -- During the night the river had --- its banks.
CHAPTER 32
AUXILIARIES AND MODALS
288. The verbs be (am, is, was, etc), have and do, when used with ordinary verbs to make
tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives, are called auxiliary verbs or auxiliaries.
(Auxiliary = helping)
289. The verbs can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must and ought are
called modal verbs or modals. They are used before ordinary verbs and express meanings
such as permission, possibility, certainty and necessity. Need and dare can sometimes be
used like modal verbs.
Modals are often included in the group of auxiliaries. In some grammars they are called
“modal auxiliaries”.
290. The modals can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must and ought are
termed Defective Verbs, because some parts are wanting in them. They have no -s in the
third person singular; they have no infinitve and ing forms. Be
291. The auxiliary be is used
(1) In the formation of the continuous tenses; as,
He is working. I was writing.
(2) In the formation of the passive; as,
The gate was opened.
Be followed by the infinitive is used
(1) To indicate a plan, arrangement, or agreement; as,
Page 110
I am to sec him tomorrow.
We are to be married next month.
(2) To denote command; as,
You are to write your name at the top of each sheet of paper.
Mother says you are to go to market at once.
292. Be is used in the past tense with the perfect infinitive to indicate an arrangement that
was made but not carried out; as,
They were to have been married last month but had to postpone the marriage until June.
Have
293. The auxiliary have is used in the formation of the perfect tenses; as,
He has worked. He has been working.
294. Have to is used with the infinitive to indicate obligation; as,
I have to be there by five o'clock.
He has to move the furniture himself.
295. The past form had to is used to express obligation in the past.
I had to be there by five o'clock.
He had to move the furniture himself.
296. In negatives and questions, have to and had to are used with do, does, did; as,
They have to go -- They don't have to go. Do they have to go?
He has to go. -- He doesn't have to go. Does he have to go?
He had to go. -- He didn't have to go. Did he have to go?
Do
297. The auxiliary do is used
(1) To form the negative and interrogative of the simple present and simple past tenses of
ordinary verbs; as,
He dosen't work.
He didn’t work.
Does he work?
Did he work?
(2) To avoid repetition of a previous ordinary verb; as,
Do you know him? Yes, I do.
She sings well. Yes, she does.
You met him, didn't you?
He eats fish and so do you.
298. Do is also used to emphasize the affirmative nature of a statement; as,
You do look pale.
I told him not to go, but he did go.
299. In the imperative, do makes a request or invitation more persuasive; as, Do be quiet,
Oh, do come! It's going to be such fun.
In such cases do is strongly stressed.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
Page 111
Can, Could, May, Might
300. Can usually expresses ability or capacity; as,
I can swim across the river.
He can work this sum.
Can you lift this box?
301. Can and may are used to express permission. May is rather formal.
You can/may go now.
Can/May I borrow your umbrella?
302. May is used to express possibility in affirmative sentences. Can is used in the
corresponding interrogative and negative sentences.
It may rain tomorrow.
He may be at home.
Can this be true?
It cannot be true.
Compare 'It cannot be true' with 'It may not be true'. Cannot denotes impossibility, while
may not denotes improbability.
303. In very formal English, may is used to express a wish; as,
May you live happily and long !
May success attend you !
304. Could and might are used as the past equivalents of can and may; as,
I could swim across the river when I was young. (Ability)
He said 1 might/could go. (Permission)
I thought he might be at home. (Possibility)
She wondered whether it could be true. (Possibility)
305. Could, as in the first example above, expresses only ability to do an act, but not the
performance of an act. We should use was/were able to for ability +action in the past.
When the boat was upset, we were able to (or managed to) swim to the bank, (not: we
could swim to the bank)
In negative statements, however, either could or was/were able to may be used.
I couldn't (or: wasn't able to) solve the puzzle. It was too difficult.
306. In present-time contexts could and might are used as less positive versions of can
and may; as,
I could attend the party. (Less positive and more hesitant than I can attend the party.)
Might/Could I borrow your bicycle ? (A diffident way of saying May/Can I……')
It might rain tomorrow. (Less positive than 'It may rain……’)
Could you pass me the salt ? (Polite request);
307. Might is also used to express a degree of dissatisfaction or reproach; as,
You might pay a little more attention to your appearance.
308. Note the use of can, could, may and might with the perfect infinitive:
Page 112
He is not there. Where can he have gone? (= Where is it possible that he has gone? - May
expresses annoyance.)
You could have accepted the offer. (= Why didn't you accept the offer?)
Fatima may/might have gone with Saroja. (= Possibly Fatima has gone/ went with
Saroja.)
Why did you drive so carelessly? You might have run into the lamppost. (= It is fortunate
that you didn't run into the lamppost.)
Shall, Should, Will, Would
309. Shall is used in the first person and will in all persons to express pure future. Today
I/we shall is less common than I/we will.
I shall/will be twenty-five next birthday.
We will need the money on 15th.
When shall we see you again?
Tomorrow will be Sunday.
You will see that I am right.
In present-day English, however, there is a growing tendency to use will in all persons.
310. Shall is sometimes used in the second and third persons to express a command, a
promise, or threat; as,
He shall not enter my house again. (Command)
You shall have a holiday tomorrow. (Promise)
You shall be punished for this. (Threat)
Note that these uses of shall are old-fashioned and formal and generally avoided in
modern English.
311. Questions with shall I/we are used to ask the will of the person addressed; as,
Shall I open the door? (i,e., Do you want me to open it?)
Which pen shall I buy? (i.e., What is your advice?)
Where shall we go? (What is your suggestion?)
312. Will is used to express
(1) Volition; as,
I will (=am willing to) carry your books.
I will (=promise to) try to do better next time.
I will (=am determined to) succeed or die in the attempt.
In the last example above, will is strong-stressed.
(2) Characteristic habit; as,
He will talk about nothing but films.
She will sit for hours listening to the wireless.
(3) Assumption or probability; as,
This will be the book you want, I suppose.
That will be the postman, I think.
313. Will you? indicates an invitation or a request; as,
Will you have tea?
Will you lend me your scooter?
314. Should and would are used as the past equivalents of shall and will - as
Page 113
I expected that I should (more often: would) get a first class.
He said he would be twenty-five next birthday.
She said she would carry my books.
She would sit for hours listening to the wireless, (Past habit)
315. Should is used in all persons to express duty or obligation; as,
We should obey the laws.
You should keep your promise.
Children should obey their parents.
316. In clauses of condition, should is used to express a supposition that may not be true.
If it should rain, they will not come.
If he should see me here, he will be annoyed.
317. Should and would are also used as in the examples below.
(i) I should (or: would) like you to help her. ('should/would like' is a polite form of
'want').
(ii) Would you lend me your scooter, please? ('Would you?' is more polite than 'Will
you?')
(iii) You should have been more careful. (Should + perfect infinitive indicates a past
obligation that was not fulfilled).
(iv) He should be in the library now. (Expresses probability)
(v) I wish you would not chatter so much. (Would after wish expresses" a strong desire).
Must, Ought to
318. Must is used to express necessity or obligation.
You must improve your spelling.
We must get up early.
318A. Must refers to the present or the near future. To talk about the past we use had to
(the past form of have to); must has no past form.
Yesterday we had to get up early.
319. Must is often used when the obligation comes from the speaker. When the obligation
comes from somewhere else, have to is often used. Compare:
I must be on a diet. (It is my own idea.)
I have to be on a diet. (The doctor has told me to be on a diet.)
319A. Must can also express logical certainty.
Living in such crowded conditions must be difficult. (=1 am sure it is difficult.)
She must have left already. (I am sure she has left already).
320. Ought (to) expresses moral obligation or desirability; as,
We ought to love our neighbours.
We ought to help him.
You ought to know better.
321. Ought (to) can also be used to express probability.
Prices ought to come down soon.
This book ought to be very useful.
Page 114
Used (to), Need, Dare
322. The auxiliary used (to) expresses a discontinued habit.
There used to be a house there.
I used to live there when I was a boy.
Strictly speaking, used (to) is an auxiliary verb. In colloquial English, however, 'Did you
use to' and 'did not use to' usually replace 'Used to' and 'Used not to'.
323. The auxiliary need, denoting necessity or obligation, can be conjugated with or
without do. When conjugated without do, it has no -s and -ed forms and is used with an
infinitive without to only in negative and interrogative sentences and in sentences that
contain semi-negative words like 'scarcely' and 'hardly'.
He need not go. (= It is not nescessary for him to go)
Need I write to him?
I need hardly take his help.
324. When conjugated with do, need has the usual forms needs, needed and is used with a
to-infinitive. It is commonly used in negatives and questions; it sometimes occurs in the
affirmative also. Do you need to go now? J don't need to meet him. One needs to be
careful.
325. Compare:
(i) I didn't need to buy it. (=It was not necessary for me to buy it and I didn't buy it.)
(ii) I needn't have bought it. (=It was not necessary for me to buy it, but I bought it),
326. The auxiliary dare (=be brave enough to), as distinct from the ordinary verb dare
(=challenge), does not take -s in the third person singular present tense. It is generally
used in negative and interrogative sentences. When conjugated without do, it is followed
by an infinitive without to; when conjugated with do, it takes an infinitive with or
• without to after it.
• He dare not take such a step.
• How dare you contradict me?
• He dared not do it.
• He doesn't dare speak to me.
Exercise in Composition 59
Choose the correct alternative :
1. I don't think I (shall, should, can) be able to go.
2. He (shall, will, dare) not pay unless he is compelled.
3. You (should, would, ought) be punctual.
4. I wish you (should, would, must) tell me earlier.
5. (Shall, Will, Would) I assist you?
6. (Shall, should would) you please help me with this?
7. You (ought, should, must) to pay your debts.
Page 115
8. He said T (can, might, should) use his telephone at any time.
9. If you (shall, should, would) see him, give him my regards.
10. He (need, dare, would) not ask for a rise, for fear of losing his job.
11. I (needn't to see, needn't have seen, didn't need to see) him, so I sent a letter.
12. (Shall, Might, Could) you show me the way to the station?
13. To save my life, I ran fast, and (would, could, was able to) reach safely.
14. I (would, used, ought) to be an atheist but now I believe in God.
15. You (needn't, mustn't, won't) light a match; the room is full of gas.
16. The Prime Minister (would, need, is to) make a statement tomorrow.
17. You (couldn't wait, didn't need to wait, need't have waited) for me; I could have
found the way all right.
18. I was afraid that if I asked him again he (can, may, might) refuse.
19. She (shall, will, dare) sit outside her garden gate for hours at a time, looking at the
passing traffic.
20. (Should, Would, Shall) you like another cup of coffee?
21. I wish he (should, will, would) not play his wireles so loudly.
22. I (am to leave, would leave, was to have left) on Thursday. But on Thursday I had a
terrible cold, so I decided to wait till Saturday.
23. He (used, is used, was used) to play cricket before his marriage.
24. (Shall, Will, Would) I carry the box into the house for you?
25. He (will, can, might) come, but I should be surprised.
Exercise in Composition 59A
Rewrite each of these sentences, using a modal verb:
(In 2 and 9, use another modal.)
1. Possibly she isn't Anil's sister.
2. Perhaps we will go to Shimla next month.
3. My sister was able to read the alphabet when she was 18 months old.
4. It is necessary that you do not wash the car. (The paint is still wet.)
5. It is not necessary for you to wash the car. (It is clean.)
6. I am certain that they have left already.
7. Do you allow me to use your phone?
8. I was in the habit of going to the beach every day when I was in Chennai.
9. He will probably pass his driving test easily.
10. Perhaps he forgot about the meeting.
11. I suggest visiting Qutab Minar.
12. Nobody has answered the phone; perhaps they have gone out.
13. I am sure he is over seventy.
14. It was not necessary for me to meet him but 1 met him.
15. It was not necessary for me to meet him (and I didn't meet him).
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD,
CHAPTER 33
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB LOVE
327. The conjugation of a verb shows the various forms it assumes, either by inflection or
by combination with parts of other verbs, to mark Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and
Person; and to those must be added its Infinitives and Participles.
Page 116
Below is given the complete conjugation of the verb love, with a view to helping the
student to systematize the knowledge already acquired by him.
(I) TENSES Simple Present
Active -- Passive
I love -- I am loved
You love -- You are loved
He loves -- He is loved
They love -- They are loved.
Present Continuous
Active -- Passive
I am loving -- I am being loved
You are loving -- You are being loved
He is loving -- He is being loved
We are loving -- We are being loved
They are loving -- They are being loved
Present Perfect
Active -- Passive
I have loved -- I have been loved
You have loved -- You have been loved
He has loved -- He has been loved
We have loved -- We have been loved
They have loved -- They have been loved
Present Perfect Continuous
Active -- Passive
I have been loving – ---
You have been loving – ---
We have been loving -- ---
They have been loving -- ---
Simple Past
Active -- Passive
I loved -- I was loved
You loved -- You were loved
He loved -- He was loved
We loved -- We were loved
They loved -- They were loved
Past Continuous
Active -- Passive
I was loving -- I was being loved
You were loving -- You were being loved
He was loving -- He was being loved
They were loving -- They were being loved
Past Perfect
Active -- Passive
I had loved -- I had been loved
You had loved -- You had been loved
He had loved -- He had been loved
We had loved -- We had been loved
They had loved -- They had been loved.
Page 117
Past Perfect Continuous
Active -- Passive
I had been loving -- ---
You had been loving -- ---
He had been loving -- ---
We had been loving -- ---
They had been loving -- ---
Simple Future
Active -- Passive
I shall/will love -- I shall/will be loved
You will love -- You will be loved
He will love -- He will be loved
We shall love -- We shall be loved
They will love -- They will be loved
Future Continuous
Active -- Passive
I shall/will be loving -- ---
You will be loving -- ---
He will be loving -- ---
We shall be loving -- ---
They will be loving-- ---
Future Perfect
Active -- Passive
I shall/will have loved -- I shall/will have been loved
You will have loved -- You will have been loved
He will have loved -- He will have been loved
We shall have loved -- We shall have been loved
They will have loved -- They will have been loved
Future Perfect Continuous
Active -- Passive -- ---
I shall/will have been loving -- ---
You will have been loving -- ---
He will have been loving -- ---
We shall have been loving – ---
