3. The time for departing has now arrived.
4. Do you know the road leading to the temple?
5. I have a box, filled with almonds.
6. We all admire a man of courage.
7. A city on a hill cannot be hid.
8. The people in the gallery could not hear.
9. You can have anything of your liking.
10. The houses of the Burmans are generally built of bamboo.
Exercise 30.
In the following sentences replace Adjective Clauses by Adjectives or Adjective
Phrases:-
1. Do you know the woman who is wearing a blue sari?
2. The boy who sits near me is my cousin.
3. That was the reason why he came late.
4. The reason, why he failed, is obvious,
5. The workers, who were weary with their exertions, lay down to rest.
6. The sun, which at mid-day was hot, made the traveller thirsty,
7. Which is the road that leads most quickly to the station?
8. People who eat too much die early.
9. Many men who have not been trained to write become journalists.
10. This is the place where our forefathers landed.
11. The explanation he gave was not satisfactory.
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12. Such men as you cannot be easily disheartened.
13. This boy, who has been industrious, has earned a prize which he has well deserved.
14. A belief which is generally held is not necessarily one which is true.
15. An author who was famous during the freedom struggle lived in that cottage which
overlooks the lake.
III. Noun Clauses
24. Examine the groups of words in italics in the following sentences:-
1. I expect to get a prize. -- [Expect what?]
2. I expect that I shall get a prize.-- [Expect what?]
The first group of words, to get a prize, does not contain a Subject and a Predicate of its
own. It is therefore a phrase. This phrase is object of the verb expect and hence does the
work of a Noun. It is therefore a Noun Phrase.
The second group of words, that I shall get a prize, contains a Subject and a Predicate of
its own. It is therefore a clause. This Clause is the object of the verb expect and so does
the work of a Noun. We therefore call it a Noun Clause,
Now examine the sentence.
That you have come pleases me.
Here the Clause, That you have come, is the Subject of the verb pleases.
It therefore does the work of a Noun, and is what we call a Noun Clause.
Def :- A Noun Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its
own, and does the work of a Noun.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
Exercise 31.
Point out the Noun Clauses in the following sentences:-
1. I often wonder how you are getting on.
2. I fear that I shall fail.
3. He replied that he would come.
4. Do you deny that you stole the watch?
5. I thought that it would be a fine day.
6. That you should cheat me hurts me.
7. No one knows who he is.
8. He saw that the clock had stopped.
9. That you should say this is very strange.
10. I don't see how you can get out of this mess.
11. I earn whatever I can.
12. I do not know what he wants.
13. There were no complaints except that the day was to hot.
14. I went to see what had happened,
15. I do not understand how it all happened.
16. Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.
17. It grieved me to hear that she was ill.
18. I want to know how far it is from here.
19. Where we were to lodge that night was the problem.
20. He begged that his life might be spared.
21. I think you have made a mistake.
22. Can you guess what I want?
23. How the burglar got in is a mystery.
24. It is uncertain whether he will come.
25. I do not know what he will do.
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Exercise 32.
Complete the following by adding suitable Noun Clauses:-
1. I cannot understand ---.
2. They all said ---.
3. I think ---.
4. This is just ---.
5. He told me ---.
6. --- is a well known fact.
7. Do you know ---?
8. I wonder ---.
9. I do not know ---.
10. Please show me ---.
11. --- is quite certain.
12. I feel certain ---.
13. Tell him ---.
14. Will you tell me ---?
15. His father was anxious ---.
16. You forget ---.
17. It is certain ---.
18. Have you heard ---?
19. He was pleased with ---.
Exercise 33.
In each of the following sentences replace the words in italics by suitable Noun Clauses:-
1. The time of his coming no one can guess.
2. I heard of his success.
3. The reason of his failure will never be known.
4. I predict a change in the weather.
5. The jury believed the man guilty.
6. We expect an improvement in business.
7. Who can doubt the truth of his statement ?
8. I know him to be trustworthy.
9. I do not believe the account given by him.
10. He confessed his guilt.
11. He described the attack on the camp.
12. The place of their meeting was known to the police.
13. The sailor told us the direction of the wind.
14. His arrival was quite unexpected.
15. His friends hoped for his success.
16. I know your great regard for him.
Exercise 34.
In each of the following sentences replace each Noun Clause by a Noun or Noun Phrase:-
1. I hope that 1 shall be there in time.
2. He is sure that we will win the match.
3. I remarked that it was a fine day.
4. They do not know where he is concealed.
5. The police must know where he is living.
6. I believe what he says.
7. Tell me what you think about this.
8. The doctor is hopeful that she will soon recover.
9. It is to be regretted that he retired from the world so early in life.
10. I do not believe what he says.
11. He showed how the problem was done.
12. It seems that he is a sharper.
13. He does not know where I live.
14. Tell me why you did this.
15. It is not known who has written this book.
16. The law will punish whosoever is guilty.
25. We have now seen that there are three kinds of Clauses:-
(1) Adverb Clauses which do the work of Adverbs.
(2) Adjective Clauses which do the work of Adjectives.
(3) Noun Clauses which do the work of Nouns.
26. Examine the following sentences, and notice the work done by the Clause in each:-
1. I knew where I could find him.
2. I went to the place where 1 could find him
3. I went where I could find him.
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In sentence 1, the Clause does the work of a Noun, and is the Object of the verb know.
In sentence 2, the Clause does the work of an Adjective, and qualifies the noun place.
In sentence 3, the Clause does the work of an Adverb, and modifies the verb went.
We thus see that the same Clause may be a Noun Clause in one sentence, an Adjective
Clause in another, and an Adverb Clause in yet another.
It is therefore clear that we cannot say what kind of Clause a Clause is unless we
carefully examine the work that it does in a sentence.
Exercise 35.
Pick out the clause in each of the following sentences, and say what kind of clause it is,
and with what word it is connected:-
1. Come when you like.
2. I know the man who is here.
3. He says that he met your brother.
4. The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
5. Before I die I intend to see Venice.
6. Let us rejoice as we go forward.
7. I was reading a book which I had read before.
8. Perhaps he thinks that I am a fool.
9. As I drew near I saw a very curious sight.
10. Where are the friends whom I knew?
11. Can a man live whose soul is dead?
12. I think that he will die.
13. I want to find the man who did this.
14. He made a vow that he would fast for a week.
15. Have you heard that Rama has won the prize?
16. It was not the vizier whom the king suspected.
17. He admitted that he wrote the letter.
18. That he will do it, I have no doubt.
19. I know the place which you mention.
20. That such a thing could happen, I do not believe.
21. When he heard this he turned very pale.
22. Have you seen the horse that he has bought?
23. My father hopes that you will visit us.
24. He behaved as a brave man should do.
25. I will wait until the next train comes.
26. The general feared that he would be surrounded.
27. He ate when he was hungry.
28. Since he has been in hospital he has improved greatly.
29. As I was going in my father came out.
30. There came a time when he was tired of waiting.
31. He spoke of a time when wars should cease.
32. They live where the climate is good.
33. I know a place where roses grow.
34. They have gone to a land whither few travellers go.
35. The wind bloweth whither it listen.
36. They returned whence they had come.
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37. The swallows will return to the country whence such birds migrate.
38. Let none follow me to the retreat whither I now depart.
39. I refer to the year when the monsoon failed.
40. This is not the sort of place where you'll get rich in a hurry.
41. Sadly they returned to the prison whence they had so hopefully set forth that morning.
42. You will always regret the day when you did this.
43. Another occupies the seat where once I sat.
44. He has gone to that bourne whence no traveller returns.
Exercise 36.
In each of the following sentences write a Clause in place of the words in italics, and say,
whether the Clause is a Noun Clause, an Adjective Clause, or an Adverb Clause:-
1. He cannot find a place to sleep in.
2. The girl with long hair is my cousin.
3. Have you heard the news?
4. In spite of his efforts he failed.
5. He walked slowly to avoid slipping.
6. This is my home.
7. He cried aloud for joy.
8. I am surprised at your question.
9. He works hard for a living.
10. Being lame he has to use crutches.
11. The sun having set, the army stopped to rest.
12. I heard of his arrival.
13. The duration of the war is uncertain.
14. His remarks were not received with approval.
15. He declared his innocence.
16. I am hopeful of his speedy recovery.
17. Did he explain the purpose of his coming?
18. He ordered the traitor to be executed.
19. He remarked on the boy's impudence,
20. His silence proves his guilt.
21. I cannot tell you the date of my return.
22. His share in the plot was suspected.
23. He speaks like a born orator,
24. Under existing conditions railway travel is expensive.
25. He is not so foolish as to accept your offer,
26. In my old home we had many fruit trees.
27. I promise you a holiday on condition of your good behaviour.
CHAPTER 4
SENTENCES : SIMPLE, COMPOUND, AND COMPLEX
27. Examine the following sentences:-
1. His courage won him honour.
2. The moon was bright and we could see our way.
3. Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.
4. They rested when evening came.
5. As the boxers advanced into the ring, the people said they would not allow them to
fight.
6. Anil called at 5.30 and I told him that you had gone out.
We see that sentence 1 has only one Subject and one Predicate, Such a sentence is called
a Simple Sentence.
Def: - A Simple sentence is one which has only one Subject and one Predicate.
[Or] A simple sentence is one which has only one Subject and one Predicate.
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Sentence 2 consists of two parts :
(i) The moon was bright.
(ii) We could sec our way.
These two parts are joined by the Co-ordinating Conjunction and.
Each part contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own. Each part is what we call a
Clause.
We further notice that each Clause makes good sense by itself, and hence could stand by
itself as a separate sentence. Each Clause is therefore independent of the other or of the
same order or rank, and is called a Principal or Main Clause.
A sentence, such as the second, which is made up of Principal or Main Clauses, is called
a Compound Sentence.
Sentence 3 consists of three Clauses of the same order or rank. In other words, sentence 3
consists of three Principal or Main Clauses, viz:
(i) Night came on
(ii) Rain fell heavily
(iii) We all got very wet. Such a sentence is also called a Compound sentence.
Def:- A Compound sentence is one made up of two or more Principal or Main Clauses.
Note:- The term Double is now used for a sentence which consists of two principal or
main clauses, and the term Multiple for a sentence of more than two principal or main
clauses.
Sentence 4 consists of two parts:-
(7) They rested.
(ii) When evening came.
Each part contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and forms part of a large
sentence. Each part is therefore a Clause.
We further notice that the Clause, They rested, makes good sense by itself, and hence
could stand by itself as a complete sentence. It is therefore called the Principal or Main
Clause.
The Clause, when evening came, cannot stand by itself and make good sense. It is
dependent on the Clause, they rested. It is therefore called a Dependent or Subordinate
Clause.
A sentence, such as the fourth, is called a Complex Sentence.
Sentence 5 consists of three Clauses:-
(i) The people said. (Main Clause).
(ii) As the boxers advanced into the ring. (Subordinate Adverb Clause.)
(iii) They would not allow them to fight. (Subordinate Noun Clause.)
Such a sentence is also called a Complex sentence.
Def:- A Complex sentence consists of one Main Clause and one or more Subordinate
Clauses.
Sentence 6 consists of three Clauses:-
(i) Anil called at 5.30 (Main Clause)
(ii) I mid him (Main Clause)
(iii) That you had gone out (Subordinate Noun Clause)
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Such a sentence is also called a Compound sentence.
In addition to two or three Main clauses, a compound Sentence sometimes includes one
or more subordinate Clauses.
28. Look at the following Compound sentences, and notice the Co-ordinating
Conjunctions joining clauses of equal rank:-
I shall do it now or I shall not do it at all.
He gave them no money nor did he help them in any way.
He threw the stone but it missed the dog.
He neither obtains success nor deserves it.
He is cither mad or he has become a criminal.
I both thanked him and rewarded him.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
Exercise 37.
State which of the following sentences are Compound, and which are Complex. In the
case of a Compound sentence separate the co-ordinating clauses of which it is composed,
and mention the conjunction, connecting these clauses. If a sentence is Complex divide it
into its clauses, and state the Principal Clause and the Subordinate Clause or clauses:-
1. The horse reared and the rider was thrown.
2. Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.
3. The town in which I live is very large.
4. I called him, but he gave me no answer.
5. I agree to your proposals, for I think them reasonable.
6. I went because I was invited.
7. Either he is drowned or some passing ship has saved him.
8. 1 returned home because I was tired.
9. They always talk who never think.
10. He came oftener than we expected.
11. He blushes; therefore he is guilty.
12. A guest is unwelcome when he stays too long.
13. Whatever you do, do well.
14. He must have done his duty, for he is a conscientious man.
15. He rushed into the field, and foremost fighting fell.
16. Man proposes, but God disposes.
17. Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise.
18. Listen carefully and take notes.
19. The heavens declare, the glory of God; and the firmament showeth His handiwork.
20. He tried hard, but he did not succeed.
21. She must weep or she will die.
22. They serve God well who serve His creatures.
23. Man is guided by reason, and beast by instinct.
24. Quarrels would not last long if the fault were only on one side.
25. God made the country and man made the town.
26. He trudged on, though he was very tired.
27. There was one philosopher who chose to live in a tub.
28. The Commons passed the bill, but the Lords threw it out.
29. Tell me the news as you have heard.
30. He that has most time has none to lose.
31. Your arguments are weighty; still they do not convince me.
32. Everything comes, if a man will only work and wait.
33. The same day went Jesus out of the horse, and sat by the sea-side.
34. We must eat to live, but we should not live to eat.
35. Govern your passions or they will govern you.
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36. They [rats] fought the dogs, and killed the cats.
And bit the babies in the cradles,
And ate the cheese out of the vats.
And licked the soup from the cook's own ladles.
37. My heart leaps up when I behold
A rainbow in the sky.
CHAPTER 5
MORE ABOUT NOUN CLAUSES
29. We have seen that there are three kinds of Subordinate Clauses:-
The Noun Clause, the Adjective Clause, and the Adverb Clause.
We have also seen that a Noun Clause is a subordinate clause which does the work of a
noun in a Complex sentence.
30. Since a Noun Clause does the work of a Noun in a Complex sentence, it can be:-
1. The Subject of a verb.
2. The Object of a transitive verb.
3. The Object of a preposition.
4. In Apposition to a Noun or Pronoun.
5. The Complement of a verb of incomplete predication.
31. In each of the following Complex sentences, the Noun Clause is the Subject of a
verb:-
That you should say so surprises me.
That it would rain seemed likely.
What he said was true,
When I shall return is uncertain.
How he could assist his friend was his chief concern.
Why he left is a mystery.
Whether we can start to-morrow seems uncertain.
32. In each of the following Complex sentences, the Noun Clause is the Object of a
transitive verb:-
He says that he won’t go.
I hoped that it was true.
She denied that she had written the letter.
I cannot tell what has become of him.
I do not know when I shall return.
I asked the boy how old he was.
Tell me why you did this.
Tell me where you live.
No one knows who he is.
I earn whatever I can, Ask if he is at home.
33. In each of the following Complex sentences, the Noun Clause is the Object of a
preposition:-
Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.
There is no meaning in what you say.
There were no complaints except that the day was too hot.
34. In each of the following Complex sentences, the Noun Clause is in Apposition to a
Noun or Pronoun:-
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Your statement that you found the money in the street will not be believed.
His belief that some day he would succeed cheered him through many
disappointments.
You must never forget this, that honesty is the best policy.
It is feared that he will not come.
It was unfortunate that you were absent.
35. In each of the following Complex sentences, the Noun Clause is used as the
Complement of a verb of incomplete predication:-
• My belief is that he will not come.
• Her constant prayer was that the child might live.
• His great fear is that he may fail.
• My wish is that I may please you.
• Their request will be that they may be allowed to resign.
• Life is what we make it.
• This is where I live.
36. A Clause coming after a construction consisting of an intransitive verb (particularly
the verb to be) and an adjective does the work of a noun and is, therefore, treated as a
Noun Clause.
In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause comes after an intransitive
verb construction:-
The child was afraid that he would fall down.
All of us are keen that you should succeed.
They felt sorry that they lost the match.
The patient was sure that he would recover.
She did not seem hopeful that he would arrive.
It will be seen that the preposition of, about or for necessary to connect the intransitive
verb construction to the succeeding Noun Clause in each of the above sentences is
omitted. If we put a noun or a gerund instead of the Clause, we would say afraid of, keen
about, sorry for, sure of, hopeful of and the noun or gerund would be the object of the
preposition in each case. The Noun Clause in each of the Complex Sentences may also be
regarded as the object of the missing preposition after the intransitive verb construction.
However, such Noun Clauses are often said to be used adverbially.
Note:- From the above, examples it will be seen that a Noun Clause is generally
introduced by the subordinating Conjunction that. Sometimes, however, the Conjunction
that is omitted; as,
I know (that) he did it.
Exercise 38.
Write down a dozen Complex sentences, each containing a Noun Clause. Make the Noun
Clause the Subject in the first three, the Object in the next three, and in Apposition to a
Noun or Pronoun in the next three. Use the Noun Clause predicatively in the last three.
Exercise 39.
Point out the Noun Clause and say whether it is the Subject of some verb, or the Object
of some verb, or the Complement of some verb, or in Apposition to some noun or
pronoun, or the Object of same preposition:-
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1. Tell me how you found that out.
2. That he will succeed is certain.
3. I think you have made a mistake.
4. She says her mother is ill.
5. How long I shall stay here is doubtful.
6. I did not know that he had come.
7. It is clear that he was guilty.
8. I do not understand how it all happened.
9. Can you tell who wrote Shakuntala?
10. All depends on how it is done.
11. Do you deny that you stole the purse?
12. The law will punish whosoever is guilty.
13. I think I know your face.
14. Ask if dinner is ready.
15. The report that he was killed is untrue.
16. He was very hopeful that he would succeed.
17. Do whatever you think right.
18. I don't see how you can get out of this mess.
19. Do you know when the train will arrive?
20. Whoever came was made welcome.
21. I understand you want a situation.
22. My verdict is that the prisoners shall die.
23. I cannot express how sorry I am.
24. They guessed what he meant.
25. I am afraid that she will be angry.
26. Will you explain why you behaved so?
27. No one can tell how this will end.
28. The truth is that we have been deceived.
29. It is not clear who has done this.
30. I do not know how I can deal with this rascal.
31. I did not know whether I should laugh or cry,
32. We are desirous that you should succeed.
37. Sometimes, instead of a Noun Clause introduced by that, the Accusative with the
Infinitive is used.
1. (a) He thought that he was safe there,
(b) He thought himself to be safe there.
2. (a) I believed that he was a true friend,
(b) I believed him to be a true friend.
3. (a) This proved that she man had stolen the horse,
(b) This proved the man to have stolen the horse.
4. (a) We know that Rama is alive.
(b) We know Rama to be alive.
CHAPTER 6
MORE ABOUT ADJECTIVE CUUSES
38. As we have seen, an Adjective Clause in a Complex sentence is a subordinate clause
which does the work of an Adjective, and so qualifies some noun or pronoun in the main
clause.
An Adjective Clause is introduced by a Relative Pronoun or by a Relative Adverb; as,
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
He is the man whom we all respect.
The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixed.
The house where the accident occurred is nearby.
The reason why I did it is obvious.
39. Sometimes, however, a Relative Pronoun introduces a Coordinate clause; as,
I met Rama, who (= and he) gave me your message.
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Here we are using the Relative Pronoun who to introduce a coordinate clause.
[It might appear, at first sight, that the clause, who gave me your message, is an Adjective
clause and therefore Subordinate. It will be seen that this is not the case however, for it in
no way identifies or describes Rama.
In the sentence,
He is the boy who broke the window.
the clause, who broke the window, clearly identifies and describes the boy, and is
therefore an Adjective clause.]
40. Below are further examples of who (and which) used to introduce a co-ordinate
clause.
1. I met Mr. Joshi, who (= and he) thereupon shook hands with me.
2. The prisoner was taken before the Captain, who (= and he) condemned him to instant
death.
3. He gave me a message, which (- and it) is this.
4. He released the bird, which (= and it) at once flew away.
41. The Relative Pronoun or the Relative Adverb, introducing an Adjective clause, is
sometimes understood, and not expressed; as,
1. Eat all --- you can.
[Here the Relative Pronoun that is understood.]
2. I saw a man --- I know.
[Here the Relative Pronoun whom is understood.]
3. Where's the book --- he left for me ?
[Here the Relative Pronoun which is understood.]
4. On the day --- you pass the examination I shall give you a reward.
[Here the Relative Adverb when is understood.]
5. The reason --- I have come is lo ask for my money.
[Here the relative Adverb why is understood.]
42. In order English but was used as a relative pronoun as in the sentences below. In such
cases but is equivalent to a relative pronoun followed by not.
1. There was not a woman present hut wept to hear such news.
[That is, who did not weep to hear such news.]
