2. And not a man of the three hundred at Thermopylae but died at his post.
[That is, who did not die at his post.]
3. Nor is there a man here but loved our Caesar. [That is, who did not love our
Caesar.]
4. There was not a widow but longed to die upon the pyre of her husband.
[That is, who did not long to die, etc.]
5. There is no fireside but has one vacant chair. [That has not one vacant
chair.]
43. Note that than is sometimes used as a Preposition before a Relative Pronoun in the
Adjective Clause; as,
They elected Rama than whom no better boy ever went to school. We will follow Brutus
than whom Rome knows no nobler son. It was a blow than which no crueller was ever
struck.
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44. The infinitive with to is often used as the equivalent of an Adjective Clause.
1. (a) Give me some food which I may eat.
(b) Give me some food to eat.
2. (a) He has no boots which he can wear,
(b) He has no boots to wear.
3. (a) The doctor has given me medicine which I must take.
(b) The doctor has given me medicine to take.
4. (a) I have work which I must do.
(b) I have work to do.
5.(a) His mother gave him Rs. 10 which he might put in his money-box.
(b) His mother gave him Rs. 10 to put in his money-box.
A work from S, CHANP & COMPANY LTD.
Exercise 40.
Pick out each Adjective Clause in the following sentences and say which noun or
pronoun in the main clause it qualifies:-
1. This is the house that Jack built.
2. He that climbs too high is sure to fall.
3. She sleeps the sleep that knows no waiting.
4. We obeyed the order the teacher gave us,
5. Servants that are honest are trusted.
6. They never fail who die in a great cause.
7. We love those who love us.
8. The moment which is lost is lost for ever.
9. I have a little shadow which goes in and out with me,
10. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
11. Youth is the time when the seeds of character are sown.
12. It was the schooner Hesperus that sailed the wintry sea.
13. They never pardon who have done the wrong.
14. He has a son who has made a name for himself.
15. A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
16. All that glitters is not gold.
17. He could not answer the question I asked him.
18. He laughs best who laughs last.
19. All the blessings we enjoy come from God.
20. They that are whole have no need of the physician.
21. Little good work can be expected from men who are great boasters.
22. The plan you propose is a very good one.
23. The night is long that never finds the day.
24. It is a long lane that has no turning.
25. He gave me everything I asked-for.
26. He failed in everything that he laid his hands upon.
27. He has tricks that remind me of his father.
28. I duly received the message you sent me.
29. The fox saw the grapes which hung over the garden wall.
30. The bark that held a prince went down.
31. He that is down need fear no fall.
32. We are such stuff as dreams are made on.
33. The man that hath no music in his soul is fit for treason.
34. True love's the gift which God has given to man alone beneath the heaven.
35. Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot
O'er the grave where our hero we buried,
36. Who lives longest sees the most.
37. Often I think of the beautiful town
That is seated by the sea.
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Exercise 41.
Make ten sentences, each containing an Adjective Clause, in which a Relative Pronoun is
understood
Exercise 42.
Make ten sentences, each containing an Adjective Clause, in which a Relative Adverb is
understood.
CHAPTER 7
MORE ABOUT ADVERB CLAUSES
45. We have seen that an Adverb clause is a subordinate clause which does the work of
an Adverb. It may, therefore, modify some verb, adjective, or Adverb in the main clause;
as,
Strike the iron while it is hot.
You are taller than I thought.
He ran so quickly that he soon overtook me.
46. Adverb clauses are of many kinds and may be classified as Adverb Clauses of:-
1. Time
2. Place.
3. Purpose.
4. Cause.
5. Condition.
6. Result.
7. Comparison.
8. Supposition or Concession.
1. Adverb Clauses of time
47. Adverb Clauses of time are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions whenever,
while, after, before, since, as, etc.
When you have finished your work you may go home.
I will do it when I think fit.
Don't talk while she is singing.
While I command this ship there will be good discipline.
He came after night had fallen.
After the law had been passed this form of crime ceased.
Do it before you forget.
Before you go bring me some water.
I have not been well since I returned from Chennai.
There was silence as the leader spoke.
As he came into the room all rose to their feet.
The doctor always comes whenever he is sent for.
They were commanded to wait till the signal was given.
The world always will be the same so long as men are men.
As soon as he heard the news he wrote to me.
Just as he entered the room the clock struck.
No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.
Exercise 43.
Write five sentences containing Adverb clauses of time.
2. Adverb Clauses of Place
48. Adverb Clauses of Place are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions where and
whereas,
I have put it where I can find it again.
They can stay where they are.
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Where you live I will live.
He led the caravan wherever he wanted to go.
You can put it wherever you like.
Let him be arrested wherever he may be found.
In older English whence and whither were also used.
Go quickly whence you came.
The wind bloweth whither it listeth.
Exercise 44.
Write three sentences containing Adverb clauses of place.
3. Adverb Clauses of Purpose
49. Adverb clauses of purpose are introduced by the subordinateing conjunctions so that,
in order that and lest. (In order that and lest are used in a formal style.)
I will give you a map so that you can find the way.
We eat so that we may live.
The UNO was formed in order that countries might discuss world problems better.
He was extra polite to his superiors lest something adverse should be written into his
records.
'Sleep not lest your Lord come in the night.'
The conjunction that occurred in older English:
He drew the sword that he might defend himself.
'Come hither that I may bless thee.'
Exercise 45.
Write three sentences containing Adverb clauses of purpose.
4. Adverb Clauses of Cause or Reason
50. Adverb Clauses of Cause or Reason are introduced by the Subordinating conjunctions
because, as, since, that.
Because I like you, I shall help you.
I did it because I wanted to.
I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it.
He thinks, because he is rich, he can buy justice.
Since you are so clever you will be able to explain this.
Since your father is not at home, I will ask you to take the message.
Since you swear to serve me faithfully, I will employ you.
I am glad that you like it.
He was very pleased that you have passed.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
Exercise 46.
Write five sentences containing Adverb clauses of cause or reason.
5. Adverb Clauses of Condition
51. Adverb Clauses of Condition are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions if
whether, unless.
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If I like it, I shall buy it. Come if you wish to.
If it rains we shall stay al home.
If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
You must go whether you hear from him or not.
Whether the Rajah gives him blows or money, he will speak the truth.
Unless you work harder you will fail.
I shan't pay it unless he sends me the bill again.
I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the offence.
Note 1:- Sometimes the Subordinating Conjunction is omitted in Adverb Clauses of
Condition; as,
• Had I not seen this with my own eyes I would not have believed it.
• Had I the wings of a bird I would fly away.
• He would be happier were he honester.
• Were an angel to tell me such a thing of you, I would not believe it.
• What would you answer did I ask you such a question?
Note 2:- Clauses of Condition are sometimes introduced by a Relative Pronoun, or
Adjective, or Adverb (without any antecedent); as,
• Whatever happens keep calm?
• Don't annoy him whatever you do.
• Whatever may be the result, I shall refuse.
• Whichever road we take we shall be too late.
• However cleverly you may cheat, you will be found at last
Exercise 47.
Write five sentences containing Adverb Clauses of Condition.
6. Adverb Clauses of Result or Consequence
52. Adverb Clauses of Result or Consequence are introduced by the Subordinating
Conjunction that. Frequently so or such precedes it in the Principal Clause.
They fought so bravely that the enemies were driven off. / So bravely did they fight that
the enemy were driven off. (Literary)
He is such a good man that all respect him.
So great a fire raged that London was burnt down.
The Romans built in such a way that their walls are still standings.
He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.
So terrible a disease broke out that very few of the people survived.
Very heavy rain fell so that the rivers were soon in flood.
Laws were quickly passed so that this abuse was checked.
He behaved in such a manner that his reputation suffered.
So cold was it that many died.
Note:- The Subordinating Conjunction that is often dropped in informal English.
He was so weak he could not speak.
I am so deaf I can not hear thunder.
It was so late I waited no longer.
He is so old he can hardly walk.
It was so small I could not see it.
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Exercise 48.
Write five sentences containing Adverb Clauses-of Result or Consequence.
7. Adverb Clauses of Comparison
53. Adverb Clauses of Comparison are of two kinds:-
(i) Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree.
(ii) Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner.
54. Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree are introduced by the Subordinating
Conjunction than, or by the Relative Adverb as;
as,
He is older than he looks.
No one can run faster than Rama.
It is later than I thought.
You must work harder than I do.
He is as stupid as he is lazy.
He is not so clever as you think.
Note:- The verb of the Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degree is often understood and
not expressed ; as,
Nobody knows it better than I [do].
Few are better leaders than he [is],
You like curry better than I [like it].
It will happen as sure as death [is sure].
Not many know the truth of this better than you [know it].
Exercise 49.
Write five sentences containing Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree.
55. Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner are introduced by the Relative Adverb as ;
as;
You may do as you please.
It all ended as I expected.
As you have made your bed so you must lie on it.
As he has lived so will he die.
As the twig is bent the branch will grow.
Exercise 50.
Write five sentences containing Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner.
8. Adverb Clauses of Supposition or Concession
56. Adverb Clauses of Supposition or Concession are introduced by the Subordinating
Conjunctions though, although, even if.
Though I am poor I am honest.
Though the heavens fall, justice must be done.
Though He slay me yet will I love Him.
He set sail though the storm threatened.
Although troops had marched all day they fought bravely all night.
Although I forbade this you have done it.
I shall be able to get in although I have no ticket.
Even if it rains I shall come.
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Exercise 51.
Write five sentences containing Adverb Clauses of Supposition or Concession.
Exercise 52.
Pick out the Adverb clauses in the following sentences, tell the kind of each clause and
point out the word in the main clause which it modifies:-
1. Forgive us as we forgive our enemies.
2. We sow so that we may reap.
3. He did it as I told him.
4. I couldn't be angry with him, if I tried.
5. He arrived as we were setting out.
6. If this story were false, what should you do?
7. It is ten hours since I had nothing to eat.
8. I make friends wherever I go.
9. At Rome we must do as the Romans.
10. If I were you I would do it at once.
11. The general was as good as his word.
12. My sight is as keen as yours.
13. Some seeds fell where there was no earth.
14. Since you say so, I must believe it.
15. Stand still if you value your life.
16. He labours that he may become rich.
17. He lost more than he could afford.
18. It is so simple that a child can understand it.
19. He kept on writing as though, he did not hear.
20. Boy as he was, he was chosen king.
21. He rides as a cowboy rides.
22. I will die before I submit.
23. He was caught in a shower as he was returning from school.
24. He speaks better than he writes.
25. He came in while I was out.
26. After the vote was taken the meeting broke up.
27. He wept as if he had been a child.
28. Apollo was worshipped as long as the Roman Empire lasted.
29. He consoled the unfortunate mother as best he might.
30. He ran so fast that I could not overtake him.
31. He knows that inasmuch as I have told him.
32. The younger man has more money than brains.
33. Since you desire it, I will look into the matter.
34. They set a strong guard, lest any one should escape.
35. He succeeded although his success was not expected.
36. The earth is larger than the moon.
37. It was dark when the cannonading stopped all of a sudden.
38. His pity gave ere charity began.
39. Wherever I went was my dear dog Tray.
40. He felt as if the ground were slipping beneath his feet.
41. Some people act as though they could do no wrong.
42. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
43. He dared not stir, lest he should be seen.
44. The movement was checked before it was fairly started.
45. A glutton lives so that he may eat.
46. Everything happened exactly as had been expected.
47. Robinson Crusoe was puzzled when he discovered the print of a foot on the sand.
48. Enough is as good as a feast.
49. He finished the work as the clock struck five.
A work from S, CHANP & COMPANY LTD.
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50. As soon as you stand there, this young lady is your lawful wedded wife.
51. It's dull in our town since my playmates left.
52. Whilst I live, thou shalt never want a friend to stand by thee.
53. No sooner did this idea enter his head, than it carried conviction with it
54. They have gone ahead with the plan, although there is widespread public opposition.
55. They were commanded to wait till the signal was given.
56. Rich as he is, one would scarcely envy him.
57. Open rebuke is better than secret love.
58. Have you turned detective, that you keep your eye on me like this?
59. He had not read half a dozen pages, when the expression of his face began to change.
60. My eldest son was bred at Oxford, as I intended him for the learned profession.
61. His behaviour was such that everybody liked him.
62. I had scarcely taken orders a year, before I began to think seriously of matrimony.
63. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
64. The world always will be the same, as long as men are men.
Exercise 53.
Use each of the following clauses in a sentence, and say what work it does in your
sentence:-
1. that he was tired
2. where he was born
3. as he was told
4. what you say
5. whosoever is guilty
6. who laughs last
7. because he is generous
8. since you say so
9. as he deserved
10. before it was too late
11. as soon as he heard the news
12. that he soon overtook me
13. where he had left it
14. how old he was
15. if you are diligent
16. because I was tired
17. what has become of him
18. when the train will arrive
19. who did it
20. whatever you think right
21. since I returned from Lahore
22. how this will end
23. what he wants
24. as he could
25. as he was not there
26. if 1 were you
27. that the streets were flooded
28. as I told him
29. before I submitted
30. that he is a millionaire
31. as she is beautiful
32. what you want
33. when his father died
34. as it was raining
35. as you please
36. than you are [strong]
37. although he is not rich
38. who works hard
39. that we shall win
40. when I shall return
41. if I had not helped you
42. although they fought most valiantly
43. when the cat is away
44. while it is hot
45. who help themselves
46. while the sun shines
47. till you are out of the wood
48. that wears a crown
49. who live in glass houses
51. that blows nobody good
53. as dreams are made on
55. where angels fear to tread
50. where ignorance is bliss
52. no sooner did he see me
54. that has no turning
56. so that we may live
Exercise 54.
Use the following subordinate clauses in as many different ways as possible by attaching
them to suitable principal clauses:-
1. where he was buried
2. when the train will arrive.
3. where he had left it.
4. who did it.
5. why he did it.
6. so that he might succeed in life.
7. whom he had met.
8. when the monsoon failed.
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Exercise 55.
Complete the following sentences by supplying appropriate connecting words:-
1. Small service is true service --- it lasts.
2. It is a great loss to a man --- he cannot laugh.
3. We there met boy --- had lost his way.
4. It is the common doom of man --- he must eat his bread by the sweat of his brow.
5. Fit words are better --- fine ones.
6. He makes no friend, --- never made a foe.
7. The moment --- is lost is lost for ever.
8. Forgive us our debts --- we forgive our debtors.
9. The man --- stands by me in trouble I won't bid him go till the sun shines again.
10. Money ---- is easily earned is soon spent.
11. --- somewhat pompous, he was an entertaining companion.
12. --- Poetry takes me up so entirely --- I scarce see what passes under my nose.
13. He --- fights and runs away, lives to fight another day.
14. Never refuse to entertain a man in your heart --- all the world is talking against him.
15. --- you would be healthy, be good.
16. --- I am dead, my dearest, sing no sad songs for me.
17. A man has no more right to say an uncivil thing --- to act one.
18. --- the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch.
19. --- this be madness --- there is method in it.
20. Consider the lilies --- they grow.
21. --- he has a car, he often goes to the office on foot.
22. --- we approached the house, we heard the sound of music.
23. I have not been well --- I returned from Delhi.
24. These are the books --- I ordered last week.
25. They live --- their fathers lived before them.
26. No one can tell --- this will end.
27. he had gone I remembered --- he was.
28. A man --- loses his temper continually is a nuisance.
29. Youth is the time --- the seeds of character are sown.
30. The house --- he was born lies in ruins.
31. --- my mother died I was very young.
32. Do not halloo --- you are out of the wood.
33. I shall see you tomorrow, --- we will talk the matter over.
34. They always talk never think.
35. I did not recognize him --- he told me --- he was.
36. They serve God well --- serve His creatures.
37. I have a little shadow --- goes in and out with me.
38. I met a boy --- told me --- I could find you.
39. We learn, --- we may be able to make our way in the world.
40. --- he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
41. A vessel that once gets a crack, --- it may be cunningly mended, will never stand such
rough usage --- a whole one.
42. --- it journeys through space, the earth is not alone; spinning round with it is
the moon.
43. Other planets have moons --- ours is very large compared to the earth.
44. I resolved --- I would say nothing --- I knew the worst.
45. --- he was born, --- brought him up, and --- he lived, we are not told.
46. Nothing can describe the confusion of thought --- I felt --- I sank into the water.
47. --- he was a strict disciplinarian he was loved by all --- I served under him.
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48. One great reason --- we are insensible to the goodness of the Creator is the fact --- his
bounty is so extensive.
49. Passengers are warned --- it is dangerous to lean out of the window --- the train is in
motion.
CHAPTER 8
ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES (Clause Analysis)
57. Usually when a complex or compound sentence is given for analysing, detailed-
analysis is not required; the student is asked to give clause analysis, that is, he is asked to
break up a given- sentence into its several clauses and show their relation to one another.
58. In analysing a Complex sentence, the first step is to find out the Principal or Main
Clause.
The next step is to find out the Subordinate Clause or Clauses, showing the relation
which each Clause bears to the Principal Clause.
59. Now study carefully the following example of the analysis of a Complex sentence:-
Whenever he heard the question, the old man who lived in that house, answered that the
earth is flat.
Complex sentence containing three Subordinate clauses:
1. The old man --- answered (Principal clause).
2. Whenever he heard the question. (Adverb clause of time, modifying answered in 1.)
3. Who lived in that house. (Adjective clause, qualifying man in 1.)
4. That the earth is flat. (Noun clause, object of answered in 1.)
60. Sometimes a Subordinate clause has another Subordinate clause within it; that is, a
Subordinate clause has another Subordinate clause dependent on it e.g.,
(A) I think that he destroyed the letter which you sent there.
1. I think -- (Principal clause.)
2. That he destroyed the letter -- (Noun Clause, object of think in 1.)
3. Which you sent there -- (Adjective clause, subordinate to 2, qualifying letter.)
(B) He replied that he worked whenever he liked.
1. He replied -- (Principal clause.)
2. That he worked -- (Noun clause, object of replied in 1.)
3. Whenever he liked -- (Adverb clause, subordinate to 2, modifying worked.)
(C) I know the man who said that this would happen.
1. I know the man -- (Principal clause).
2. Who said -- (Adjective clause, qualifying man in 1.)
3. That this would happen. (Noun clause, subordinate to 2, object of said.)
61. One afternoon, as in that sultry clime
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It is the custom in the summer-time.,
With bolted doors and window-shutters closed,
The inhabitants of Atri slept or dozed.
When, suddenly upon their senses fell
The loud alarm of the accusing bell!
Complex sentence, containing two subordinate clauses:
1. One afternoon, with bolted doors and window shutters closed, the inhabitants of Atri
slept or dozed. (Principal clause).
2. As in that sultry clime it is the custom in the summer-time. (Adverb clause of manner,
modifying slept or dozed in 1.)
3. When, suddenly, upon their senses fell the loud alarm of the accusing bell. (Adverb
clause of time, modifying slept or dozed in 1)
62. Below are further examples:
(1) Breathes there the man with soul so dead
Who never to himself hath said,
'This is my own, my native land'? Complex sentence, containing two subordinate clauses:
1. Breathes there the man with soul so dead -- (Principal clause).
2. Who never to himself hath said -- (Adjective clause, qualifying man in 1.)
3. “This is my own, my native land”? (Noun clause, subordinate to 2, object
of hath said.)
(2) Everyone who knows you, acknowledges, when he considers the case calmly, that
you have been wronged.
Complex sentence, containing three subordinate clauses:-
1. Everyone acknowledges...(Principal clause)
2. Who knows you. (Adjective clause, qualifying one in 1.)
3. When he considers the case calmly, (Adverb clause, modifying acknowledges in 1.)
4. That you have been wronged. (Noun clause, object of acknowledges in 1.)
(3) Do the work that's nearest,
Tho' it's dull at whiles
Helping when you meet them.
Lame dogs over stiles.
Complex sentence, containing three subordinate clauses:-
1. [You] do the work, helping lame dogs over stiles. (Principal clause.)
2. That's nearest. (Adjective clause, qualifying work in 1.)
3. Tho' it's dull at whiles. (Adverb clause of concession, modifying helping in 1.)
4. When you meet them. (Adverb clause of time, modifying helping in 1.)
