5. Alfred was the best king that ever reigned in England.
No other king as good as Alfred ever reigned in England.
Exercise 64.
Express the meaning of the following sentences in negative form:-
1. He was more rapacious than a griffin.
2. He was as rapacious as a griffin.
3. Akbar was the greatest of the Great Moghuls.
4. He was greater than Aurangzeb.
5. The rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
6. As soon as he came, he made objections.
7. These fishing nets are all the wealth I own.
8. I always love my country.
9. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
10. He is sometimes foolish.
11. He failed to notice me when he came in.
12. Everybody will admit that he did his best.
13. Only a millionaire can afford such extravagance.
14. Every man makes mistakes sometimes.
15. I care very little what he says about me.
16. As soon as he saw me he came up and spoke to me.
17. He must have seen the Tajmahal when he went to Agra.
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Exercise 65.
Convert the following Negatives into Affirmatives:-
1. Nobody was absent.
2. He did not live many years in India.
3. No one could deny that she was pretty.
4. God will not forget the cry of the humble.
5. I am not a little tired'.
6. There was no one present who did not cheer.
7. I never in my life laid a plan and failed to carry it out.
8. Not many men would be cruel and unjust to a cripple. .
9. No man could have done better.
10. The two brothers are not unlike each other.
11. He has promised never to touch wine again.
12. We did not find the road very bad.
13. There is no smoke without fire.
14. It is not likely that he will ever see his home again.
5. Interchange of Interrogative and Assertive Sentences
76. Study the following examples;-
1. What though we happen to be late?
It does not matter much though we happen to be late.
2. Why waste time in reading trash?
It is extremely foolish to waste time in reading trash.
3. Were we sent into the world simply to make money?
We were not sent into the world simply to make money.
4. How can man die better than facing fearful odds?
Man cannot die better than facing fearful odds.
5. When can their glory fade?
Their glory can never fade.
6. Was he not a villain to do such a deed?
He was a villain to do such a deed.
Exercise 66.
Transform the following sentences Into Assertive sentence:-
1. Who can touch pitch without being defiled?
2. Can any man by taking thought add a cubit to his stature?
3. What though the field be lost?
4. Is that the way a gentleman should behave?
5. Who does not know the owl?
6. Shall I ever forget those happy days?
7. Who is so wicked as to amuse himself with the infirmities of extreme old age?
8. Why waste time in this fruitless occupation?
9. Is this the kind of dress to wear in school?
10. Can you gather grapes from thorns or figs from thistles?
Exercise 67.
Express the meaning of the following Assertions Questions:-
1. No one can be expected to submit for ever to injustice.
2. There is nothing better than a busy life.
3. Nowhere in the world will you find a fairer building than the Taj Mahal.
4. It is useless to offer bread to a man who is dying of thirst.
5. We could have done nothing without your help.
6. That was not an example to be followed.
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6. Interchange of Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences
77. Study the following examples:-
1. How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank!
The moonlight very sweetly sleeps upon this bank.
2. If only I were young again!
I wish I were young again.
3. Alas that youth should pass away!
It is sad to think that youth should pass away.
4. How beautiful is night!
Night is very beautiful.
5. To think of our meeting here!
[Or] That we should meet here !
It is strange that we should meet here.
Exercise 68.
Transform the following Exclamatory sentences into Assertions:-
1. What would I not give to see you happy!
2. Ah, what a sight was there!
3. What a piece of work is man!
4. What might be done, if men were wise!
5. What a wonderful creature an elephant is!
6. How awkwardly he manages his sword!
7. O that we two were infants playing.
8. If only I had the wings of a dove!
9. What a large nose!
10. If only I had a good horse!
11. If only I were safe at home!
12. O what a fall was there my countrymen!
13. What a delicious meal!
14. What sweet delight a quiet life affords!
15. How well fitted the camel is for the work he has to do!
16. How cold you are!
17. What a beautiful scene this is!
18. What a delicious flavour these mangoes have!
19. Shame on you to use a poor cripple so!
20. If only I knew more people!
21. How you have grown!
22. If only I had come one hour earlier!
Exercise 69.
Transform the following into Exclamatory sentences:-
1. It is a horrible night.
2. It was extremely base of him to desert you in your time of need.
3. It is hard to believe that he did such a deed.
4. I wish I had met you ten years ago.
5. It is very stupid of me to forget your name.
6. He leads a most unhappy life.
7. Interchange of one Part of Speech for another
78. Study the following examples:-
1. That kind of joke does not amuse me.
That kind of joke does not give me any amusement.
2. It costs twelve rupees.
The cost is twelve rupees.
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3. He has disgraced his family.
He is a disgrace to his family.
4. He fought bravely.
He put up a brave fight.
5. The treaty of Salbai should be remembered as one of the landmarks in the history of
India.
The treaty of Salbai is worthy of remembrance as one of the landmarks in the history of
India.
6. I cannot consent to your going.
I cannot give my consent to your going.
7. He gave a curt reply.
He replied curtly.
8. He showed generosity even to his enemies.
He was generous even to his enemies.
9. There is a slight difference between the two shades.
The two shades are slightly different.
10. The Act made the negro slaves free.
The Act gave freedom to the negro slaves.
11. I see him every day.
I see him daily.
12. He examined the document carefully.
He examined the document with care.
13. We passed an anxious hour.
We passed an hour anxiously.
14. Few historians have written in a more interesting manner than Gibbon.
Few historians have written more interestingly than Gibbon.
15. He presumptuously ignored my advice.
He presumed to ignore my advice.
Exercise 70.
(a) In the following sentences replace the Nouns it italics by Verbs :-
1. He rejected all our proposals.
2. Steel gains strength from the addition of nickel.
3. He made an agreement to supply me with firewood.
4. His purpose is not clear from his letter.
5. You cannot gain admission without a ticket.
6. He has no intention of leaving the city.
7. I have a disinclination for work to-day.
8. He made a success of all his undertakings.
9. These mangoes have a sweet smell but a sour taste.
(b) Rewrite the following sentences so as to replace the Adverbs in italics by Verbs:-
1. The defenders successfully repelled every attack on the city.
2. This scene is surpassingly beautiful.
3. He is admittedly the greatest general of the country.
4. They welcomed the good news most joyfully.
(c) Rewrite the following sentences so as to replace the Verbs and Adjectives in italics by
corresponding Nouns:-
1. Though the ant is small it is as intelligent as the elephant.
2. He said he regretted that he had acted so hastily.
3. He was so active in his old age that everybody admired him.
4. Before I pay you what is due you must sign this receipt-
5. The best way to healthyis to be temperatre in all things.
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(d) Rewrite the following sentences, replacing Nouns and Adverbs in italics by
Adjectives of similar meaning:-
1. In all probability the day will be fine.
2. The rats gave us a great deal of trouble.
3. He was dismissed for negligence rather than incompetence.
4. He was admittedly clever, but he evidently lacked industry.
5. The merchant had .great success in all his dealings, and was naturally esteemed by his
fellow citizens.
(e) Rewrite the following sentences replacing Nouns and Adjectives in italics by Adverbs
of similar meaning:-
1. Her dress was poor and mean.
2. He broke the rules without any intention of doing so, but it does not follow that his
punishment was wrong.
3. His mistake was evidcnt, but his sincerity was also obvious.
4. By a careful analysis of these substances you will see that they differ in essence.
CHAPTER 11
TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES (Contd.)
1. Conversion of Simple sentences to Compound (Double)
sentences
79. A Simple sentence can be converted into a Compound one by enlarging a word or a
phrase into a Co-ordinate clause.
Simple. -- He must work very hard to make up for the lost time.
Compound. -- He must work very hard and make up for the lost time.
Simple. -- To his eternal disgrace, he betrayed his country.
Compound. -- He betrayed his country, and this was to his eternal disgrace.
Simple. -- Besides robbing the poor child, he also murdered her.
Compound. -- He not only robbed the poor child but also murdered her.
Simple. -- He must work very hard to win the first prize.
Compound. -- He must work very hard, or he will not win the first prize.
Simple. -- He must not attempt to escape, on pain of death.
Compound. -- He must not attempt to escape, or he will be put to death.
Simple. -- Notwithstanding his hard work, he did not succeed.
Compound. -- He worked hard, yet did not succeed.
Simple. -- Owing lo ill-luck, he met with a bad accident on the eve of his examination.
Compound. -- He was unlucky and therefore met with a bad accident on the eve of his
examination.
Simple. -- The teacher punished the boy for disobedience.
Compound. -- The boy was disobedient, and so the teacher punished him.
Exercise 71.
Rewrite the following Simple sentences as Compound (Double) ones:-
1. In this tower sat the poet gazing on the sea.
2. To everyone's surprise, the project completely failed.
3. Seeing the rain coming on, we took shelter under a tree.
4. Besides educating his nephew, he also set him up in business.
5. The fog being very dense, the steamer sailed at less than half
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6. Raleigh, taking off his cloak politely, placed it in the muddy street.
7. Being occupied with important matters, he had no leisure to see us.
8. In spite of his popularity he cannot be called a great writer.
9. Rushing against Horatius, he smote with all his might.
10. With all his learning, he was far from being a pedant.
11. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner, eating his Christmas pie.
12. He must resign on pain of public dismissal.
13. Owing to drought the crop is short.
14. The men had not completed their work by sunset.
15. Notwithstanding several efforts, he failed.
16. By his pleasant manners he gained many friends.
17. In addition to pecuniary assistance he gave them much valuable advice.
18. The referee having whistled, the game was stopped.
19. On account of his negligence the company suffered heavy losses.
20. Running at top speed, he got out of breath.
21. Possessing all the advantages of education and wealth, he never made name.
22. Taking pity on the mouse, the magician turned it into a cat.
23. Being dissastisfied, he resigned his position.
24. Throwing off his coat, he plunged into sea.
Exercise 72.
Convert the following Simple sentences to Compound sentences:-
1. Hearing their father's footsteps, the boys ran away.
2. With a great effort he lifted the box.
3. The man, being very hungry, ate too much.
4. In spite of his great strength he was overcome.
5. Against the wishes of his family he left school.
6. He was universally respected on account of his virtue.
7. His friend having helped him, he is prospering.
8. Being a cripple, he cannot ride a horse.
9. The rain having washed away the embankment, the train was wrecked.
10. Finding himself in difficulty, he went to his teacher for help.
11. My friend being now in Mumbai, I shall go there to meet him.
12. In the event of such a thing happening, I should take long leave.
13. They are forbidden to enter the sacred place on pain of death.
14. To make certain of getting a place you must apply early.
15. He intends to try again notwithstanding his repeated failures.
16. In spite of all my advice he has done this foolish thing.
17. By reason of his great ability he has been able to win a high position.
18. Through no fault of his own he has become very poor.
19. Knowing no better, he used very inaccurate language.
20. His swords having broken, he was left defenceless.
21. He was rejected owing to ill-health.
22. I do not like him on account of his pride and boastfulness.
23. To avoid punishment he ran away.
24. In his ignorance he followed the wrong course.
25. Having made no provision for old age, he is very poor.
26. Out of a desire for revenge he agreed to this.
27. To add to their troubles, a tyre burst on the way.
2. Conversion of Compound (Double) sentences to Simple
sentences
80. The following examples illustrate the chief ways of converting Compound Sentences
to Simple Sentences.
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Compound. -- He finished his exercise and put away his books.
Simple. -- Having finished his exercise, he put away his books.
Compound. -- Not only did his father give him money, but his mother too.
Simple. -- Besides his father giving him money, his mother also did the same.
Compound. -- He was a mere boy but he offered to fight the giant.
Simple. -- In spite of his being a, mere boy, he offered to fight the giant.
Compound. -- He must not be late, or he will be punished.
Simple. -- In the event of his being late, he will be punished.
Compound. -- You must either pay the bill at once or return the goods.
Simple. -- Failing prompt payment, the goods must be returned by you.
Compound. The men endured all the horrors of the campaign and not one of them
complained at all.
Simple. The men endured all the horrors of the campaign without one of them making
any complaint.
Compound. -- We must eat, or we cannot live.
Simple. -- We must eat to live.
Exercise 73.
Rewrite the following Compound (Double) sentences as Simple ones:-
1. They were poor, and often suffered great hardship.
2. He overslept himself, and so he missed the train.
3. The prince slew his brother and became king in his place.
4. This coat cannot be mine, for it is too big.
5. This general fought bravely, the king therefore made him commander-in-chief.
6. The camel pushed his head into the tent and asked to be allowed to warm his nose.
7. As a boy he had never been at school, and therefore he had no opportunity of learning
to read or write.
8. This must not occur again, or you will be dismissed.
9. He granted the request, for he was unwilling to disappoint his friend.
10. They took every precaution ; still they ran aground.
11. He is rich, yet he is not contented.
12. Make haste, or else you will be late.
13. The steamer went down, yet the crew were saved.
14. The piper advanced, and the children followed.
15. The horse reared and the rider was thrown.
16. Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.
17. I called him, but he gave me no answer.
18. Either he is drowned or some passing ship has saved him.
19. He must have done his duty, for he is a conscientious man.
20. He tried hard, but he did not succeed.
21. He tried again and again, but he did not succeed.
22. We decided not to go any further that day and put up at the nearest hotel.
23. Either you must help me or I must try to carry out my task alone.
24. His partner died, and this added to his difficulties.
25. He was horrified for he saw blood stains on the floor and no sign of his child.
26. Not only men, but women and children were put to death.
27. Everybody else went down to meet the train, but I did not.
28. He is a well-read man, but in matters of business he is a fool.
29. Work at least six hours a day, or you cannot make sure of success.
30. He is very poor, but he does not complain.
31. He neither returned the goods nor paid the bill.
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Exercise 74.
Convert the following Compound (Double) sentences to Simple sentences:-
1. My friend arrived and we went for a walk.
2. The servant brought the lamp and I began my homework.
3. The ink had dried up and I could not write.
4. I have a lot of work and must do it now.
5. We must hurry and we shall escape the rain.
6. He has an unpleasant duty and must perform it.
7. He not only pitied him but relieved him.
8. He did this and so offended his master.
9. He had read the book carefully and could tell the story in his own words.
10. His object became known and everybody tried to help him.
11. He found a rupee, and was delighted at his good luck.
12. Rama has hurt his ankle and will not be able to play to-day.
13. Be good and you will be happy.
14. He did not like the work and he began it unwillingly.
15. I ordered him to halt, but he took no notice.
16. He is a good steady worker, only he is rather slow.
17. I continually invited him to visit me, but he never came.
18. He served out his sentence in goal and was released.
19. He worked exceedingly hard at school, for he was a good obedient boy.
20. The dacoits stopped to divide the booty and the police overtook them.
21. He practised daily and so became an expert player.
22. Your attempt can hardly be called successful: for it has had no good results.
23. The President came into the hall and everyone rose from his seat.
24. He escaped several times but was finally caught.
25. The horse fell heavily and his rider came down with him.
26. He found himself getting weaker and weaker; so he consulted a doctor.
27. The plague broke out in the city and the people moved out into the jungle.
28. I had no money with me, and I could not give (he beggar anything.
3. Conversion of Simple sentences to Complex
81. A Simple sentence can be converted to a Complex sentence by expanding a word or
phrase into a Subordinate clause.
This clause may be a Noun, Adjective or Adverb clause.
Simple. -- He confessed his crime.
Complex. -- He confessed that he was guilty.
Simple. -- His silence proves his guilt.
Complex. -- The fact that he is silent proves his guilt.
Simple. -- He bought his uncle's library.
Complex. -- He bought the library which belonged to his uncle.
Simple. -- On the arrival of the mails the steamer will leave.
Complex. -- The steamer will leave as soon as the mails arrive.
Simple. -- He owed his success to his father.
Complex. -- It was owing to his father that he succeeded.
Simple. -- He worked hard to pass the examination.
Complex. -- He worked hard so that he might pass the examination.
Simple. -- Cain, being jealous of Abel, struck him.
Complex. -- Cain struck Able because he was jealous of him.
Simple. -- Only Indians are admitted.
Complex. -- If you are not an Indian you cannot be admitted.
Simple. -- He succeeded unexpectedly.
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Complex. -- He succeeded although his success was not expected.
Simple. -- The management is thoroughly bad.
Complex. -- The management is as bad as it could be.
Simple. -- A man's modesty is in inverse proportion to his ignorance.
Complex. -- The more ignorant a man is, the less modest he is.
Exercise 75.
Convert the following Simple sentences to Complex sentences, each containing a Noun
clause:-
1. I expect to meet Rama to-night.
2. He hoped to win the prize.
3. His father is not likely to punish him.
4. He admitted stealing the watch.
5. Krishna wishes me to play for his team.
6. He believes their success to be certain in that case.
7. I overheard all his remarks.
8. I did not think fit to reply to his writings.
9. He confessed his fault.
10. His hiding-place is still unknown.
11. I shall be glad of your advice in this matter.
12. He pleaded ignorance of the law.
13. Our friends will hear of our success.
14. You imply my guilt by your words and manner.
15. I request your help.
16. I cannot foretell the time of my departure.
17. I wish you to be quiet.
18. He is said to be a millionaire.
19. Tell the truth.
20. I have long suspected his poverty.
Exercise 76.
Convert the following Simple sentences to Complex sentences, each containing an
Adjective clause:-
1. I saw a wounded bird.
2. Rama is happy in his present class.
3. The man near me is my brother.
4. Our guru is a man of blameless life.
5. Your father is the man to help you in this matter.
6. The value of exercise is great.
7. Was this the deed of a good man?
8. I was the first to hear the news.
9. These are not the methods of business.
10. The class-room is not the place for boys to play in.
11. He is hardly the boy to do credit to the school.
12. He liked his former place.
13. Smoke, the certain indicator of fire, appeared in the mine.
14. I was the first to arrive.
15. That is not the way lo answer.
16. It was the work of a wild animal.
17. He is the water-carrier.
18. I have nowhere to sit.
19. My friend, the magistrate of this place, is on leave.
20. He sat outside on a stone in the compound.
Exercise 77.
Convert the following Simple sentences to Complex sentences, each containing an
Adverb clause:-
1. On being punished, he wept.
2. During Queen Victoria's reign there were many wars.
3. Being quite contented, he never grumbled.
4. Being ill-treated by his master, he ran away.
5. He was too dull to understand.
6. The tiger is feared for its fierceness.
7. With your permission I will go away.
8. The peon would be quite happy with a rise of Rs. 10 a month.
9. He replied to the best of his ability.
10. I can only tell you according to my memory.
11. Of Krishna and Rama the latter works the harder.
12. Owing to ill-health he has resigned.
13. He was annoyed at being rebuked.
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14. He cannot be caught on account of his quickness.
15. He is too lazy to succeed.
16. He came in very quietly to avoid waking his father.
17. He waited there with a view to meeting me.
18. There is no admission without permission.
19. I will help you in any possible way.
20. Do not go out without leave.
21. In spite of the heat they marched quickly.
22. For all his youth he is very capable.
23. Till my arrival, wait here.
24. After the death of his father he left Mumbai.
25. Up to his thirtieth year he remained unmarried.
26. From the time of that illness he has been partly blind.
27. Previous to his death he made his will.
28. In anticipation of sanction I have issued the order.
29. He hindered the police in the execution of their duty.
30. This was done in my absence.
31. For fear of imprisonment they kept silence.
32. Notwithstanding my entreaties he shot the dog.
33. He wrote according to instructions.
34. He worked to the best of his ability.
35. Come back at six o'clock.
36. With every blow the body quivered.
37. Speaking honestly, I do not know.
38. I came to-day to take advantage of the special train.
39. He failed to my great surprise.
40. Till the day of the examination he did no more work.
41. The tiger having fallen, he climbed down from the tree.
42. In the time of Aurangzeb taxes were very heavy.
43. We eat to live.
44. Some people live to eat.
45. He has gone down to the river to bathe.
46. Have you come to see me?
47. Does he wish me to go?
Exercise 78.
Rewrite the following Simple sentences as Complex sentences:-
1. Can you tell me the time of his arrival?
2. After seeing the King he departed.
3. Many ships were so shattered as to be wholly unmanageable.
4. England expects every man to do his duty.
5. The guests having departed, he went to bed.
6. Few know the date of Lucy's death.
7. The source of the Nile was difficult to discover.
8. I will meet you at any place convenient for you.
9. In spite of his earnest protestations, he was condemned.
10. He is proud of his high birth.
11. The prince was to be found in the hottest of the battle.
12. I rejoice at his good fortune. .
13. But for his own confession, the crime could scarcely have been brought home to him.
14. He alone entered, the rest of us waiting outside.
15. Not feeling well, he decided to lie down.
16. The last of these voyages not proving very fortunate, I grew weary of the sea.
17. Considering the difficulties of his position, he has acted admirably.
18. Speak low, to prevent our being overheard.
19. He was too much excited to hear reason.
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20. A letter from the butler brings to the club the news of Sir Roger's death.
21. My right there is none to dispute,
22. Accustomed to rule, he schooled himself to obey.
23. He saved the child at the risk of his life.
24. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit.
25. I convinced him of his mistake.
26. It all depends upon the manner of your doing it.
27. He can prove his innocence.
28. Everybody knows the author of Gulliver's Travels.
29. The date of his arrival is uncertain.
30. The duration of the war is uncertain.
31. There is no hope of his recovery.
32. The exact date of the birth of Buddha is unknown.
33. A daily bath is necessary to perfect health.
34. Success or failure depends largely on your own efforts.
35. In my hurry I forgot the most important letters.
36. Listeners never hear any good of themselves.
37. Finding the door unlocked, the thief entered the house.
38. It is impossible to trust the word of a habitual liar.
39. Gray, the author of the Elegy, lived in the eighteenth century.
40. The shepherd found the lost sheep.
41. The boy readily admitted his mistake.
42. Tell me your plans.
43. He could clearly remember the incidents of his youth.
44. On arriving at the foot of the hill, he blew his trumpet.
45. A spider saved Robert Bruce.
46. The prudent man looks to the future.
47. For want of money, he was unable to prosecute his studies.
48. All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
49. The idle cannot hope to succeed.
50. Our orders were to show no mercy.
51. It was too late for retreat.
52. I must be cruel, only to be kind.
53. The men fought with desperation.
54. He is too truthful to be a successful courtier.
55. Your remuneration depends on the quality of your work.
56. He conducted himself madly to escape suspicion.
57. Good boys need not fear punishment.
58. The accused confessed his guilt.
59. I asked him the reason of his coming.
60. But for your folly you could have been a partner in the firm to-day.
61. Tell me your age.
62. I was glad to hear of your arrival.
63. Being a very diligent and clever lad, he soon distinguished himself.
