64. He is too short for a soldier.
65. This is said to be the birthplace of "Buddha.
66. His success went beyond his expectations.
67. In spite of his poor health, he worked hard.
68. Feeling out of sorts, he went to bed.
69. He complained of being unjustly treated.
70. He killed the hen to get the treasure.
71. An army of ants will attack large and ferocious animals.
72. A very miserly planter formerly lived in the island of Jamaica.
73. He often gave his poor slaves too little food.
74. Industry will keep you from want.
75. A drowning man will catch at a straw.
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76. It is excellent to have a giant's strength.
77. Having finished our work, we went out for a walk.
78. With all thy faults I love thee still.
79. The news is too good to be true.
80. This tree is too high for me to climb.
81. He is too old to learn anything new.
82. The world's greatest men have not laboured with a view to becoming rich.
83. With a change of wind we shall have rain.
84. With all his wealth he is not happy.
4. Conversion of Complex sentences to Simple sentences
82. Study the following examples:-
Noun Clause
Complex. -- He said that he was innocent.
Simple. -- He declared his innocence.
Complex. -- That you are drunk aggravates your offence.
Simple. -- Your drunkenness aggravates your offence.
Complex. -- Tell me where you live
Simple. -- Tell me your address.
Complex. - It is a pity that we should have to undergo this disgrace.
Simple. -- Our having to undergo this disgrace is a pity.
Complex. -- It is proclaimed that all men found with arms will be shot.
Simple. -- According to the proclamation all men found with arms will be shot
Complex. -- He remarked how impudent the boy was.
Simple. -- He remarked on the boy's impudence,
Complex. -- How long I shall stay is doubtful.
Simple. -- The duration of my stay is doubtful.
Complex. -- Except that he hurt his hand, he was lucky.
Simple. -- Except for the hurt to his hand, he was lucky.
Exercise 79.
Convert each of the following Complex sentence to a Simple sentence:-
1. We believe that he is innocent.
2. It was much regretted that he was absent.
3. The consequence of his carelessness was that the game was lost.
4. He asked why I came.
5. He ordered that the traitor should be executed.
6. It is to be hoped that he escaped unhurt.
7. I do not know when I shall return.
8. We hope that better times will come.
9. The news that the enemy landed spread like wild fire.
10. That I was successful does not make me happy.
11. He ordered the police that they should imprison the rioters.
12. That you should be willing to believe this is incredible.
13. Whoever is prudent is, respected.
14. It is reported that our troops have won a victory.
15. All believed that he was guilty of murder.
16. Tell me what you mean by this.
83. Study the following examples:-
Adjective Clause
Complex. -- He died in the village where he was horn.
Simple. -- He died in his native village.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
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Complex. -- The moment which is lost is lost for ever.
Simple. -- A lost moment is lost for ever.
Complex. -- Men who have risen by their own exertions are always respected.
Simple. -- Self-made men are always respected.
Complex. -- They that are whole have no need of the physician.
Simple. -- Healthy persons have no need of the physician.
Complex. -- We came upon a hut where a peasant lived.
Simple. -- We came upon a peasant's hut.
Complex. -- Youth is the time when the seeds of character are sown.
Simple. -- Youth is the time for the formation of character.
Complex. -- The exact time when this occurred has not been ascertained.
Simple. -- The exact time of the occurrence has not been ascertained.
Complex. -- The son who was his chief pride in his old age is dead.
Simple. -- His son, the pride of his old age, is dead.
Complex. -- The place where Buddha was cremated has recently been discovered.
Simple. -- The place of Buddha's cremation has recently been discovered.
Complex. -- I have no advice that I can offer you.
Simple. -- I have no advice to offer you.
Exercise 80.
Convert each of the following Complex sentences to a Simple sentence:-
1. He sold the horse which belonged to his brother.
2. As I was unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money.
3. I have no horse that I can lend you.
4. The marks that were left by the whip were still visible.
5. This is the place where we camp.
6. The heart that is full of grief is heavy.
7. The reply which you have made is foolish.
8. The evil that men do lives after them.
9. Do you not remember him who was formerly your friend?
10. This is the needle with which she knits.
11. Have you nothing that you wish to say?
12. He prospered by the help he got from his friends.
13. They were advised by a clever lawyer who was a High Court pleader.
14. He is weak from the illness which he had recently.
15. A man who is dead needs no riches.
16. I have seen the house which belongs to Rama.
17. He was the most learned of the judges who lived at that time.
18. He died in the village where he was born.
19. The horse which is an Arab of pure blood, is very swift.
20. The smell which comes from this drain, is very bad.
21. Can he get no work that he can do?
22. Is there no place which is kept for bathing here?
23. The birds have no water that they can drink.
24. He shot a tiger which was the scourge of the district.
25. That is the book that belongs to me.
26. I saw a man who was blind.
27. This is the bottle which is used for water.
28. The chief thing that Wycliffe and his friends achieved was the translation of the Bible
into English.
29. I found the book which I had lost.
30. The boy who stood first got the prize.
31. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.
32. People who live in glass houses must not throw stones.
33. The services he has rendered to the state cannot be over-estimated.
34. The place where they live is very unhealthy.
35. This idea on which he based his philosophy, is very difficult to comprehend.
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36. I have no time that I can waste on idle talk.
37. A person who relies on his own efforts has the best chance to win success.
38. Here is a barrier that cannot be passed.
39. A person who has risen by his own exertions is always respected.
40. A boy who had been notoriously idle was awarded a prize.
41. Such men as you cannot be easily, disheartened.
42. A man who is industrious is sure to succeed.
43. He told us the time when he expected to arrive.
84. Study the following examples:-
Adverb Clause
Complex. -- The Captain was annoyed that he had not carried out his orders.
Simple. -- The Captain was annoyed at his not having carried out his orders.
Complex. -- You can talk as much as you like.
Simple. -- You can talk to your heart's content.
Complex. -- Everything comes if a man will only work and wait
Simple. -- Everything conies to a diligent and patient man.
Complex. -- 1 am pushing my business wherever I can find an opening.
Simple. -- I am pushing my business in every possible direction-
Complex. -- He will not pay unless he is compelled.
Simple. -- He will pay only under compulsion.
Complex. -- You have succeeded better than you hoped.
Simple. -- You have succeeded beyond your hopes.
Complex. -- When the cat is away the mice will play.
Simple. -- In the absence of the cat the mice will play.
Complex. -- He does not always speak as he thinks.
Simple. -- He does not always speak his thoughts.
Complex. -- A good boy will always do as he is commanded by his superiors.
Simple. -- A good boy will always carry out (or execute) the commands of his superiors.
Complex. -- I was surprised when I heard him talk so.
Simple. -- I was surprised to hear him talk so.
Complex. -- He was so tired that he could not stand.
Simple. -- He was too tired to stand.
Complex. -- If I make a promise I keep it.
Simple. -- I make a promise only to keep it.
Complex. -- As the war was ended, the soldiers returned.
Simple. -- The war being ended, the soldiers returned.
Complex. -- While there is life there is hope
Simple. -- Life and hope are inseparable.
Complex. -- As. you sow, so you will reap.
Simple. -- You will but reap the fruits of your sowing.
Exercise 81.
Convert the following Complex sentences into Simple sentences:-
1. As you are here you may as well see it.
2. He was angry when he heard the result.
3. Does he know the consequences if he refuses?
4. He cannot go unless I consent.
5. You cannot always talk sense if you are always talking.
6. You never come here but you steal something.
7. The boy ran as fast as he could.
8. As it was beginning to rain we waited a while.
9. Although he has failed twice he will try again.
10. He made such good speed that he was in time.
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11. Because he was ill he stayed at home.
12. As he felt cold he lit a fire.
13. Since I am unable to get much, I accept little.
14. He will pay you when he hears from me.
15. He was so tired that he could not sleep.
16. They rejoice that they are going.
17. I congratulated him because he had passed.
18. He can afford to be generous because he is rich.
19. As the hour had arrived they started.
20. Since I believed his word I did not ask for proof.
21. The dog jumped up when he saw the cat.
22. The horse is so old that it cannot work.
23. The tiger is renowned through all the countryside because he is so cunning and
ferocious.
24. He was very angry when he had to pay again.
25. The longer we wait here, the darker it will become.
26. He is not so tall that he cannot enter the doorway.
27. When they heard the signal they sprang up.
28. As the truth is known, further lying is useless.
29. Wherever you go I shall follow you.
30. No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.
31. As soon as he beard the news he wrote to me.
32. Because you have done this I shall punish you.
33. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
34. They went where living was cheaper.
35. Wherever he preached the people gathered to listen.
36. She stood as though turned to stone.
37. We have come so that we may help you.
38. You will pass if you work hard.
39. He cannot see unless he wears glasses.
40. His father still trusted him though he had deceived him.
41. He is not so prudent as he ought to be.
42. It was so dark that you could not see your hand.
43. When the fraud was discovered, he was imprisoned after being tried.
44. He was so indolent that he could not be successful.
45. An honest boy speaks as he thinks.
46. Sit down where you please.
47. The larger the brain, the more vigorous the mind.
48. I shall give you my horse if you give me your silver.
49. We will do the work as well as we can.
50. Robinson Crusoe was puzzled when he discovered the print of a foot on the sand.
51. Though the sky falls, he will not be frightened.
52. Apollo was worshipped as long as the Roman Empire lasted,
53.I will buy it, cost what it may.
54. I am surprised that you should believe such nonsense.
55. Whatever you do, I will support.
Exercise 82.
Turn each of the following Complex sentences into a Simple sentence:-
1. It is terrible that people should die of starvation.
2. I was unable to hear what you were saying.
3. We did not go, as the weather was too stormy.
4. It is doubtful whether he will succeed.
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5. He became so ill that he was unable to walk.
6. No one is promoted to a higher class unless he is examined.
7. He ran as fast as he could.
8. He said that he would come to-morrow.
9. Tell me where you live.
10. He confessed that he was guilty.
11. It was so dark that we lost our way.
12. Tell me how old you are.
13. When he will arrive is not yet known.
14. Grant me what I ask.
15. We hope that better times will come.
16. I insist that you should not go.
17. I shall remain where I am.
18. If you turn to the right you will soon reach the temple.
19. He gave a graphic account of how he escaped.
20. We went half-an-hour earlier, so that we might get a good seat.
21. He complained that he had been unjustly treated.
22. It is certain that he will come.
23. The Commissioner gave rewards to such men as deserve them.
24. I asked him why he came.
25. A child who has lost his parents is to be pitied.
26. They left at six o'clock so that he might catch the early train.
27. Suspicion always haunts the mind of a person who is guilty.
28. He went to Ooty so that he might improve his health.
29. A book in which were pictures of animals, was presented to him by his uncle.
30. When Caesar saw Brutus among the assassins, he covered his face with his gown.
31. John Bright once said that the safest place in England was a first-class carriage in an
express train.
32. The question is so complicated that it cannot be settled immediately.
33. Had he been absent, the motion would have been carried.
34. The passage is so difficult that I cannot comprehend it.
35. We must do the work as well as we can.
36. Although they fought most valiantly, they were defeated.
37. If he wins the battle he will be crowned.
38. I wish to know the time when he died.
39. Those soldiers who survived have received medals.
40. This is a machine which is used for sewing.
41. He seemed very anxious that we should come.
42. The priests were satisfied when he offered the money.
43. You must be hungry if you have not dined.
44. It is time you went.
45. It is lucky that he came just then.
46. It is certain that he will help you.
47. You must write to me as soon as you reach Mumbai.
48. He gave away some books which belonged to his brother.
49. Can you tell me the name of the person who wrote the book ?
50. It is said that he died by his own hand.
51. While my parents are absent I cannot come.
52. This sum is so hard that I cannot do it.
53. As one man fell another took his place.
54. Work as hard as you can.
55. Drink while you may.
56. Such a man as he is should succeed.
57. The police know this from information which has been received by
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5. Conversion of Compound sentences to Complex
85. Study the following examples:-
Compound. -- Search his pockets and you will find the watch.
Complex. -- If you search his pockets, you will find the watch.
Compound. -- Do as I tell you, or you will regret it.
Complex. -- Unless you do as I tell you, you will regret it.
Compound. -- The lion was wounded but not killed.
Complex. -- The lion was nor killed although he was wounded.
(=Although the lion was wounded, he was not killed.)
Compound. -- Waste not, want not.
Complex. -- If you do not waste, you will not want.
Compound. -- He saw the danger, but pressed on.
Complex. -- Although he saw the danger, he pressed on.
Compound. -- He saw the danger and paused.
Complex. -- When he saw the danger he paused.
Compound. -- He aimed at winning the prize and worked hard.
Complex. -- He worked hard so that he might win the prize.
Compound. -- He had to sign, or be executed.
Complex. -- If he had not signed, he would have been executed.
Compound. -- He is buried near Rome and myrtles grow round his grave.
Complex. -- He is buried near Rome in a place where myrtles grow.
Compound. -- He wishes to become learned ; therefore he is studying hard.
Complex. -- He is studying hard so that he may become learned.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
Exercise 83.
Transform from Compound into Complex sentences:-
1. Spare the rod and spoil the child.
2. He put on his hat and went outside.
3. At length she woke and looked round.
4. Keep quiet, or you will be punished.
5. The ship was wrecked, but the crew were saved.
6. Either Shirin will come or she will send a letter.
7. Do your best, and you will never regret it.
8. He received your telegram and set off at once.
9. I must hurry back at once, or my business will greatly suffer.
10. Do this, or you will be punished.
11. Rama may not be clever but he is certainly industrious.
12. I put my hand into my pocket and gave him a rupee.
13. Only do the right, and you will have no reason to be ashamed.
14. The crow stole a piece of cheese and flew with it to a tree.
15. I called at your house yesterday but you were out.
17. We must do our work well, or our master will be angry with us.
18. You have earned his gratitude, so you shall not go unrewarded.
19. He failed in his first attempt and never tried again.
20. Time flies fast, yet it sometimes appears to move slowly.
21. Mosquitoes cause malaria, and this is well known,
22. She must weep, or she will die.
23. He ran to the station, but he missed the train.
24. The boy was tired, therefore he went to bed.
25. He is poor, but contented.
26. Life has few enjoyments; still we cling to it.
27. Eat few suppers and you'll need few medicines.
28. He is working hard; therefore he will succeed.
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29. He wishes to succeed ; therefore he works hard.
30. He was going along this road, and met a dragon.
31. They were refused pay, but went on working.
32. I frowned upon him, yet he loves me still.
33. Do you find victories and we will find rewards ?
34. The archers were poorly armed, but they offered a stubborn resistance.
35. Cross this line and you will be captured.
36. You must be warmly clad, or you will catch cold.
37. Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.
38. He adored his proud wife, but he was in mortal fear of her fierce temper.
39. We are few, but we are of the right sort.
40. Be diligent and you will succeed.
41. It seems too good to be true nevertheless it is a fact.
42. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.
43. I will recover it, or die in the attempt.
44. Take a farthing from a hundred pounds, and it will be a hundred pounds no longer.
45. He has lost all his teeth, consequently he cannot eat hard food.
46. Give him an inch and he'll take an ell.
47. Hear him out, and you will understand him the better.
48. Advance another step, and you are a dead man.
49. Send the deed after me and I will sign it.
50. He was very learned and seemed to know everything.
51.He was ambitious and therefore I killed him.
52.We landed at Karachi, and there we spent a very enjoyable week.
53. We called upon Mr. Pundit and he introduced us to his partner.
54. He was my friend, therefore I loved him.
Exercise 84.
Convert the following Compound sentences to Complex sentences:-
1. Give me the book and I will read it.
2. Take quinine and your fever will be cured.
3. I tell him to be quiet and he takes no notice.
4. He is deaf but he will always pretend to hear.
5. You have paid the bill but you will get no more credit. ,
6. I ran all the way to the station but I missed the train.
7. Rama is a better player than Krishna and therefore he must take his place in the team.
8. You called me and here I am.
9. The master is nearly blind and the boys are very sorry for him.
10. We will win or die.
11. Let me come in, or I will break down the door.
12. Be careful in your diet and you will keep health.
13. Listen and I will tell you all.
14. He is very agreeable but I don't like him.
15. It is cold, so I shall wear a coat.
16. Send me the gun and I will mend it.
17. Be good and you need not be clever.
18. Follow me, or you will lose your way.
19. You ordered the goods and so they have been sent.
20. You must pay, or else sign a chit.
21. I do not like his lectures and so I don't attend them.
22. He ran away, or they would have killed him.
23. He has injured me but I will forgive him.
24. Be quiet, or I shall punish you.
25. Be just and fear not.
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26. He was never present, but he always sent a deputy.
27. Be kind and help me.
28. Pay heed to the small details and the general plan will surely succeed.
29. He is certain to be late, so why wait for him ?
30. You or I must go away.
31. Sri Lanka went in first on a very wet wicket, and so they lost the match.
32. They tried to bribe the peon but he was too clever for them.
6. Conversion of Complex Sentences to Compound
86. Study the following examples:-
Complex. -- I am certain you have made a mistake.
Compound. -- You have made a mistake, and of this I am certain.
Complex. -- I am glad that he has recovered from illness.
Compound. -- He has recovered from illness, and I am glad of it.
Complex. -- We can prove that the earth is round.
Compound. -- The earth is round, and we can prove it.
Complex. -- I have found the book that I had lost.
Compound. -- I had lost a book, but I have found it.
Complex. -- As soon as he got the telegram, he left in a taxi.
Compound. -- He got the telegram, and immediately he left in a taxi.
Complex. -- He worked hard so that he might win the prize.
Compound. -- He aimed at winning the prize and worked hard.
Complex. -- If he is at home, I shall see him.
Compound. -- He may be at home, and in that case I shall see him.
Complex. -- He lost more than he could afford.
Compound. -- He could afford to lose something, but he lost somewhat more.
Complex, -- He is more a philosopher than a poet.
Compound. -- He is something of a poet, but rather more of a philosopher.
Complex. -- If you do not hurry you will miss the train.
Compound. -- You must hurry, or you will miss the train.
Complex. -- Unless we do our work well our master will be angry with us.
Compound. -- We must do our work well, or our master will be angry with us.
Complex. -- We sow so that we may reap.
Compound. -- We desire to reap, therefore we sow.
Exercise 85.
Convert from Complex to Compound sentences:-
1. Once upon a time a man owned a hen which laid every day a golden egg.
2. We selected this bicycle after we had tried several times.
3. It is surprising that he did not succeed.
4. If you do not take exercise, you will be ill.
5. If you run, you will be in time.
6. He ran away because he was afraid.
7. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother,
8. Although he saw the danger, he pressed on.
9. Though you try with all your might, you will not succeed.
10. I shall not go unless I am invited.
11. If you eat too much you will be ill.
12. A book's a book, although there's nothing in it.
13. Unless you keep quiet, you will be punished.
14. As Caesar loved me, I weep for him.
15. Because you have done this I shall punish you.
16. As soon as he heard the news he wrote to me.
17. When you have rested, go on with the work.
18. I forgave him because he was dying.
19. He stayed at home because he was feeling ill.
20. His father still trusted him though he had deceived.
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21. Though the sky falls, he will not be frightened.
22. He was educated at a public school where he learnt Latin.
23. I struck him because he ventured to obstruct my path.
24. They went to war so that they might extend their empire.
25. Although they fought most valiantly, they were defeated.
26. He writes so illegibly that I cannot read his letter.
27. I know what you told him.
28. The ship was steered so skilfully that it reached the harbour safely.
29. You must be respectable if you would be respected.
30. As he was ambitious, I killed him.
31. Though often capricious and impertinent, she was never out of temper.
32. Though the waves are raging white, I'll row you o'er the ferry.
33. He finished first though he began late.
34. Though he tries hard, he is seldom successful.
35. When the sun set he returned home.
36. Since duty calls us, we must obey.
37.He had a cow that gave enormous quantities of milk.
38. He failed because he was too rash.
39. We eat so that we may live.
40.He was so learned that he seemed to know everything.
Exercise 86.
Convert the following Complex sentences to Compound sentences:-
1. Rama went to school as soon as he had finished his meal.
2. If I ask a civil question I expect a civil reply.
3. They have never been poor since they opened that shop.
4. I could answer if I chose.
5. We might admire a bad man though we cannot admire a weak one.
6. I advise you to try although you may not succeed.
7. I spoke plainly so that you might understand.
8. He feigned sleep as he had an object in doing so.
9. He gave himself up because flight was useless.
10. As we are here we will stay here.
11. I do not think he will come.
12. I know there is a rupee in your hand.
13. Come when you like.
14. I shall come when I am in better health.
15. I would have shot the snake if I had seen it.
16. His precept is as beautiful as his practice is disgraceful.
17. At Rome we must behave as the Romans do.
18. ,, He fell as I fired.
19. If you come here you will repent it.
20. I have never heard from him since he left Mumbai.
21. He went to the house so that he might leave a message.
22. Unless we run we shall miss the train.
23. As soon as the sun touches the horizon darkness begins to settle upon the scene.
24. However clever you may be, you cannot succeed without industry.
25. Do this, lest a worse thing befall.
26. If you trust to the book you will find yourself in difficulties.
27. We may lose all without regret, if we may keep our honour sustained.
28. Bad as things are they might be worse.
29. You may go when you have finished your work.
30. His bark is worse than his bite.
31. If I am right you must be wrong.
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Exercise 87.
(Miscellaneous) Recast the following sentences as directed:
1. A soldier of the tenth legion leaped into the water as soon as the ship touched the
shore. (Begin with No sooner )
2. We have helped them with money as well as a body of workers, all well trained and
experienced. (Use the expression 'not only' and 'everyone'.)
3. Mrs. Smith is the wisest member of the family and of her four daughters Jane is the
prettiest. (Use the comparatives of 'wise' and 'pretty'.)
4. The difficulty was solved by means of a special service devised for the occasion.
(Make the word 'service1 the subject.)
5. The lady was compelled by the doctor to drink such vile medicine that she was all but
killed by him. (Use the active voice throughout.)
6. You are already as well acquainted with these affairs as I am. (Use 'known' for
'acquainted'.)
7. As soon as Sir Roger had seated himself, he called for wax candles. (Use 'no sooner'
for 'as soon as'.)
8. When supper had been prepared, Robinson Crusoe sat down expecting to enjoy
himself greatly. (Use noun forms instead of 'prepared' and 'expecting'.)
9. Nelson knew the value of obedience so well that he anticipated some censure for his
act. (Rewrite this sentence, using 'too' for 'so'.)
10. The secretary sent me no reply for ten days. (Rewrite, using the verb 'reply' instead of
the noun.)
11. Have a look at the newspaper and you will find a lot of space devoted to
advertisements. (Begin with if)
12. Her reason for not going with us was that she had no money. (Use there fore.)
13. Besides having a salary, he also has a private income. (Use not only but)
14. His parents were compelled by poverty to send him abroad that he might
earn his own living. (Simple sentence, active voice.)
15. His fondness for games increases with his proficiency. (Complex sentence, using
“the – the†and adjectives to replace the abstract nouns.) .
