III. Subordinate Clause an Adverb Clause
93. In the following examples the Subordinate clause is an Adverb clause:-
1. Indira Gandhi died in 1984. Rajiv Gandhi thereafter became Prime Minister.
When Indira Gandhi died in 1984, Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister.
2. I waited for my friend. I waited till his arrival.
I waited for my friend until he came.
3. He fled somewhere. His pursuers could not follow him.
He fled where his pursuers could not follow him.
4. Let men sow anything. They will reap its fruit.
As men sow, so shall they reap.
5. You are strong. I am equally strong.
I am as strong as you are.
6. He was not there. I spoke to his brother for that reason.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
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7. We wish to live. We eat for that purpose.
We eat so that we may live.
8. He was quite tired. He could scarcely stand.
He was so tired that he could scarcely stand.
9. Don't eat too much. You will be ill.
If you eat too much you will be ill.
10. He began late. He finished first.
He finished first though be began late.
11. I shall come. My being alone is a condition.
I shall come if I am alone.
12. I must know all the facts. I cannot help you otherwise.
Before I can help you, I must know all the facts.
13. He is superstitious. He is equally wicked.
He is as superstitious as he is wicked.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
Exercise 96.
Combine each set of Simple sentences into one Complex sentence containing a Noun
clause:-
1. He is wrong. I am sure of it.
2 .You deceived him. That was his complaint.
3. The train will arrive at a certain time. Do you know the time?
4. All the planets except for Pluto travel round the sun the same way and in the same
plane. I have often told you this truth.
5. He will waste his time. That is certain.
6. Where have you put my hat? Tell me.
7. He is short-tempered. I like him all the same.
8. Is it time for the train to start ? Ask the guard.
9. It is going to rain. I am sure of it.
10. Something may be worth doing, It is only worth doing well.
11. He is a sincere worker. No one can doubt this fact.
12. He said something. I did not hear it.
13. How did you find that out? Tell me.
14. You have made a mistake. I think so.
15. Who wrote Shakuntala? Can you tell me that?
16. You stole the purse. Do you deny it ?
17. I am very sorry. I cannot adequately express my sorrow.
18. We have been deceived. That is the truth.
19. How did Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose die? It is a mystery.
20. He will succeed. We expect it.
21. What have you done? Tell me.
22. We wished to know. We were going somewhere.
23. We were nearing some waterfall. It was evident from the distant roar of water.
24. A certain number of the enemy escaped. We do not know this number.
25. The two friends qurrelled. I want to know the reason.
26. He is a great orator. This fact cannot be denied.
27. Columbus made an egg stand on its end. I will show you his method.
28. I have seen this man somewhere before. I cannot remember the place.
29. He will arrive some time. I do not know the time of his arrival.
30 He distrusts his own sons. It is difficult to understand the reason.
Exercise 97.
Combine each set of Simple sentences into one Complex sentence containing an
Adjective clause:-
1. The theft was committed last night. The man has been caught.
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2. The French and Italian languages are different from the Latin language. Latin was once
spoken in almost every part of Europe.
3. The time was six o'clock. The accident happened then.
4. You are not keeping good health lately. Can you tell me the reason?
5. He has many plans for earning money quickly. All of them have failed.
6. A lion was proud of his strength. He despised the weakness of the mouse.
7. The grapes hung over the garden wall. The fox saw the grapes.
8. That is the school. I was taught there.
9. You put it somewhere. Show me the place.
10. My travelling companion was an old gentleman. His name is Mr. Haq. I met him in
Basra.
Exercise 98.
Combine each set of Simple sentences into one Complex sentence containing an Adverb
clause:-
1. The nurse must be very tired. She had no sleep last night.
2. A gentleman may call. Please ask him to wait.
3. He ran so quickly. He soon overtook me.
4. I will get ready. Do not go till then.
5. He spoke in a very low voice. Nobody could hear him.
6. I wound my watch this morning. It has stopped.
7. It was very stuffy last night. I could not sleep.
8. The monsoon may break this month. Otherwise the wells will run dry.
9. I may help you. I may not help you. You are sure to lose the game.
10. The fireman came out of the house. The roof collapsed that very moment.
11. Success attends hard work. Failure attends bad work.
12. You must hurry. You will miss the train otherwise.
13. The delegates arrived. The discussion was resumed.
14. He is very old. He enjoys good health.
15. No more funds are available. The work has been stopped.
16. He saw me coming. He immediately took to his heels.
17. I may be blunt. I am at least honest.
18. He was contradicted. He was annoyed.
19. He bled profusely. He died.
20. This may be true of some. It is not true of all.
21. He ran quickly. He soon overtook me.
22. I had left home. Your letter arrived afterwards.
23. He saw us. He disappeared immediately.
24. He will not go out in the rain. He is afraid of getting wet.
25. The bandits fought desperately. They could not bear the idea of being taken alive.
26. The sailors cast anchor. They did so to prevent the ship from drifting on the rocks.
27. You make a good deal of noise. I cannot work.
28. We may sail to-morrow. It depends on the weather.
29. It is very simple. Even a child can understand it.
30. He was returning from school. He was caught in a shower.
31. Robinson Crusoe discovered the print of a foot on the sand. He was puzzled.
32. He finished the work. Just then the clock struck five.
33. He is being lionized. He still keeps a level head.
34. Why do you keep your eye on me like this? Have you turned detective?
35. We travelled together as far as Kolkata. We parted company there.
36. He is a rich man. No other man in our community is equally rich.
37. You may wish to do the work. You may not wish to do the work. You must still do it.
38. He was sick. He remained at home.
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39. You have tears. Prepare to shed them now.
40. He may slay me. I will trust him.
41. He saw me. He ran away then.
42. He came to my house. I was out.
43. His father died. He has been very poor from that time.
44. He grew weaker and weaker. He died.
45. We take off our clothes. We go to bed.
46. He was hanged. He had committed murder.
47. All will respect you. Your being honest is a condition.
48. He is old. He cannot walk.
49. He won the race. He was the swiftest.
50. Life lasts a certain time. Let us be honest during that time,
51. The wolf is larger. The jackal is smaller.
52.Arjun is clever. His cleverness equals Rama's.
94. Carefully study the following sentences:-
1. He had read Milton. He had read it in a prose translation. He had read it when he was
fourteen. He told us this.
He told us that he had read Milton, in a prose translation, when he was fourteen.
2. A bachelor may be surrounded with all sorts of luxuries. In spite of that he will always
find his happiness incomplete. He must have a wife and children.
With whatever luxuries a bachelor may be surrounded, he will always find his happiness
incomplete, unless he has a wife and children.
3. Pope professed to have learned his poetry from Dryden. Through his whole life he
praised him with unvaried liberality. He did so whenever an opportunity was presented.
Pope professed to have learned his poetry from Dryden, whom, whenever an opportunity
was presented, he praised through his whole life with unvaried liberalilty.
4. Milton did not educate his daughters in the languages. He said that one tongue was
enough for a woman.
Milton said that he did not educate his daughters in the languages, because one tongue
was enough for a woman.
5. I sank into the water. I felt confused. Nothing can describe that confusion.
Nothing can describe the confusion of thought which I felt when I sank into the water.
6. We had in this village an idiot boy. I well remember that boy. From a child he showed
a strong propensity for bees. This was some twenty years ago.
We had in this village, some twenty years ago, an idiot boy, whom I well remember, who
from a child showed a strong propensity for bees.
Exercise 99.
Combine each of the following sets of Simple sentences into one Complex sentence :-
1. That is the man. He gave me a dog. It went mad.
2. Rama will not play in the match. The notion is foolish. He is the best player in the
school.
3. I wrote the letter. It contained the truth. He praised me for it.
4. Honesty is the best policy. Have you never heard it?
5. He came to see me. He wanted to tell me something. His father was dead. He had been
ill for a long time.
6. The horse has killed a man. I wished to sell it to you. The man was trying to steal it.
7. He took the medicine. He then felt better. It cured his headache.
8. He gave an order. He is obeyed. They fear to offend him.
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9. The absence of the girl from her home was unusual. Inquiries were made. They led to
no result.
10. Your conduct is very peculiar. I am unable to understand it. It has been described to
me.
11. He played exceedingly well in the match. His team won in consequence. The match
was played yesterday.
12. He wrote a letter. He wrote it for a certain reason. He wrote it to his superior. He told
me about this.
13. I visited his garden. In it there were some beautiful rose-trees. The trees were full of
bloom. These were red and white in colour.
14. He forsook his dishonest ways. No one would give him work. His dishonest ways had
brought him to the depths of poverty.
15. He is sure to receive his pay. It is due to him. Why then does he worry?
16. He has very bad health. He lives very carefully. It is inexplicable to the doctor.
The doctor has attended him for years. He told me this.
17. His servants disliked him. They flattered him. He was very harsh to them.
18. I carefully sighted the rifle. I did not wish to miss. A miss might have cost me my
life.
19. The speed of the boat was remarkable. It was going against the current. It was going
against the wind. These facts should be kept in mind.
20. He stole a book. It had the owner's name written in it. I was told this. The name was
well known to him.
21. They had marched the whole journey at top speed. They wished to surprise the
enemy. The journey was very long.
22. My friend is going to Europe. He has got long leave. His brother is already there.
He wishes to become a doctor.
23. Rama will not play against the Hindu school. It has a very strong team. He has
declared this to be his intention. He does not wish to tire himself before the cup-match. It
takes place the next day.
24. The man talks most. That man does least. This very often happens.
25. A man did this. He must have been very strong. There is no doubt of it. Our
father says so.
26. He paid a sum of money for the information. He paid it to a certain person. He
paid it for some reason. I should like to know the sum, the person and the reason.
I could then prosecute him.
27. They had the treasure in some place. The treasure was very valuable. The place
was never discovered. They feared pursuit and capture. They hid it in a jungle.
28. He endeavoured to hide the traces of the crime. He had committed it. The reason
is not difficult to see.
29. He had not learned to read and write. He was very ignorant. He could not even
talk fluently. Such a man should riot pretend to be a doctor.
30. The boy had many accomplishments. The father .fully described a large number
of these to the teacher. He wished to get him admitted to the school.
31. The jackal was pursued by the dogs. It was very hungry. They were well fed. It
was caught.
32. He waited longer. He got more angry. He had ordered them to be punctual.
33. You may like it. You may not like it. In either case I shall send you there. It is my
duty to do so.
34. Your father succeeded well. Would you like to succeed equally well? He worked
hard. You must work equally hard.
35. You have failed. I am sorry to hear it. You deserved to pass. I think it.
36. You will be allowed to enter for the examination. Your working hard is a condition.
The orders are to that effect. They were issued by the Principal.
37. Rama is more clever. Krishna is less clever. I think it. I judge by the results of the
examination.
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38. There is a will. There is a way too. This is generally true.
39. I heard the news. I went to the hospital. I wished to discover the extent of his injuries.
The hospital is not far from my house.
40. You may please him. You may displease him. He will promote you sooner or later
accordingly. This is only right.
41. You sow in a certain way. You will reap in the same way. The proverb says this.
42. You may look everywhere. There you will see signs of industry. These signs speak
well for the prosperity of the people.
43. I have done much sword-play. The sight of a sword gives pleasure to a man like me.
This is undeniable.
44. They played the game very skilfully. No one could have played it more skilfully.
They had been thoroughly well trained.
45. He is an idle and careless boy. The report was to this effect. His father received
the report. He was very grieved to receive it.
Exercise 100.
Combine each of the following groups of sentences into one Compound or one Complex
sentence in any way you like:-
1. I offered him help. He needed help. He persisted in refusing help. I left him to his fate.
2. A famished traveller was toiling over the desert. He found a bag. He was highly
delighted. He opened the bag. He found nothing but pearls.
3. Hundreds of men and women have travelled in space. Some have travelled in space for
a few days. Others have done it for several months.
4. I was in Sri Lanka in May last. I visited Mihintale. It is regarded as the cradle of
Buddhism.
5. Once an oarsman was rowing by himself. He did not look behind him. He met another
boat. He crashed into it. He was upset.
6. A dog was running away with a piece of meat. He passed some deep still water.
He saw there the reflected image of the meat. He dropped the meat into the deep water.
He snatched in vain at the shadow.
7. A fox saw a crow sitting on a tree with a piece of cheese in his mouth. The fox praised
the crow's singing. The crow was pleased by the flattery. The crow began to sing. The
crow dropped the cheese.
8. A lion was proud of his strength. He despised the weakness of the mouse. He was
caught in a net. He could not escape from the net. He was set free by the exertions of the
mouse.
9. John signed. John was King of England. He signed a document called the Magna
Carta. He was afraid of his barons. He did not care about liberty. He signed the document
at Runnymede. Runnymede is on the Thames. It is not far from Windsor.
10. The train ran down the incline. The train attained great speed. The train turned a
sharp curve at the bottom. The train oscillated under the influence of the brakes. The train
threw all the passengers into a panic.
11. A half-starved mouse managed to creep into a basket of corn. The mouse rejoiced in
his good fortune. The mouse fed greedily on the corn. The mouse tried to get out of the
basket. His body was now too big to pass through the hole.
12. It would not be possible for any life to survive on Venus and Mercury. They are
nearer to the sun than the earth. They are very hot planets.
13. A band of ruffians entered a village. The ruffians were well armed. They entered
the village at night. Some of the ruffians were escaped convicts. The ruffians stole the
cattle of the villagers. The villagers were asleep.
14. My fellow-traveller had a gun. He was boasting of his bravery. Suddenly a bear
came behind a rock close in front of us. It stood in our way. It was growling angrily.
15. Mungo Park explored the interior regions of Africa. He was employed by the
African Association. The undertaking was hazardous. He suffered many distress. Those
distresses were often alleviated by the compassion of the negroes.
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16. A lion was drinking in a clear pool. His stately mane was reflected by the pool.
The lion saw the reflection. He greatly admired his mane. He was afterwards pursued by
hunters with their guns. He was pursued through a thick wood. He then found his mane
useless and of no avail.
17. The King ordered me to go to a distant village. It was not possible to disobey. I
set off for the village. There I was mortified to find no one willing to admit me into his
house. I was regarded with astonishment and fear. I was obliged to sit the whole day
without victuals. A tree protected me against the heat and the sun.
18. The night was very threatening. The wind rose. There were heavy rain clouds. The
wild beasts were numerous thereabout. To escape them it would have been necessary to
climb a tree and sit among the branches.
19. The sun set. I was preparing to pass the night in a tree. A negro woman stopped to
observe me. She was returning from the labour of the field. She perceived my weariness
and dejection. She inquired into my situation. I briefly explained it to her. With a look of
compassion she told me to follow her.
20. She conducted me to her hut. She told me to remain there for the night. Then she
found me hungry. She procured from outside a fine fish. She caused it to be half boiled
upon some embers. She then gave it to me for supper.
21. He had made war on Saxony. He had set the Roman crown upon his own head. He
had become famous throughout the whole world. But his fame had not prevented his hair
from becoming grey.
22. Augustus probably died a natural death. He was in his seventy-eighth year. He had
been reduced to despondency by the disaster in Germany. He was traveling at an
unhealthy time of the year. He had exposed himself imprudently to the night air. And all
the other particulars are quite opposed to the poison theory.
23. This is not the least part of our happiness. We enjoy the remotest products of the
north and south. At the same time we are free from extremities of the weather. Our eyes
are refreshed with the green fields of Britain. At the same time our palates are refreshed
with tropical fruit.
24. He was a man of haughty and vehement temper. He was treated very ungraciously by
the court. He was supported very enthusiastically by the people. He would eagerly take
the first opportunity of showing his power and gratifying his resentment. This might be
expected.
25. Bonaparte was born a Corsican. He distinguished himself at school. He joined the
republican army. He started as corporal. His bravery was remarkable. His mental powers
were great. He became the head of the army of Italy. He conquered Egypt. He set aside
the republic. He was proclaimed Emperor.
26. He is now gone to his final reward. He was full of years and honours. These honours
were especially dear to his heart for the following reasons. They were gratefully
bestowed by his pupils. They bound him to the interests of that school. He had been
educated in that school His whole life had been dedicated to its service.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
CHAPTER 15
THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
95. The Sequence of Tenses is the principle in accordance with which the Tense of the
verb in a subordinate clause follows the Tense of the verb in the principal clause.
(Sequence is connected with the Latin verb sequor, follow.)
The Sequence of Tenses applies chiefly to Adverb Clauses of Purpose and Noun Clauses.
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96. A Past Tense in the principal clause is followed by a Past Tense in the subordinate
clause; as,
He hinted that he wanted money.
She replied that she felt better.
I found out that he was guilty.
He saw that the clock had stopped.
He replied that he would come.
I never thought that T should see him again.
I took care that he should not hear me.
They climbed higher so that they might get a better view.
I worked hard so that I might succeed.
There are, however, two exceptions to this rule:-
(i)A Past Tense in the principal clause may be followed by a Present Tense in the
subordinate clause when the subordinate clause expresses a universal truth ; as,
Newton discovered that the force of gravitation makes apples fall.
Galileo maintained that the earth moves round the sun.
Euclid proved that the three angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles.
He said that honesty is always the best policy.
(ii) When the subordinate clause is introduced by than, even if there is a Past Tense in the
principal clause, it may be followed by any Tense required by the sense in the
subordinate clause; as,
He liked you better than he likes me.
He helped him more than he helps his own children.
I then saw him oftener than I see him now.
He valued his friendship more than he values mine.
97. A Present or Future Tense in the principal clause may be followed by any Tense
required by the sense; as,
He thinks that she is there.
He thinks that she was there.
He thinks that she will be there.
He will think that she is there.
He will think that she was there.
He will think that she will be there.
But in sentences where the subordinate clause denotes purpose, if the verb in the
principal clause is Present or Future the verb in the subordinate clause must be Present;
as,
I eat so that I may live.
I shall nurse him so that he may live.
Exercise 101
Insert the correct tense of verb in the following:-
1. I waited for my friend until he ---. (To come.)
2. So long as the rain ---, I stayed at home. (To continue)
3. I did not know it until you ---. (To speak.)
4. He speaks as one who ---. (To know.)
5. He ran as quickly as he ---. (Can or could?)
6. He went where he --- find work. (Can or could?)
7. Wherever there is coal you --- find iron. (Will or would ?)
8. He behaves as one --- expect him to do.
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9. He ran away because he --- afraid. (To be)
10. He fled where his pursuers --- not follow. (Can or could?)
11. As he --- not there, I spoke to his brother. (To be.)
12. The notice was published in order that all --- know the facts.(May or might?)
13. He was so tired that he --- scarcely stand. (Can or could?)
14. You make such a noise that I --- not work. (Can or could?)
15. He finished first though he --- late. (To begin.)
16. His health has improved since he --- India. (To leave)
17. As soon as he --- the news he wrote to me. (To hear)
18. After the shower --- over, the sun shone out again. (To be)
19. Whenever we --- we talk of old times. (To meet)
20. Answer the first question before you --- further. (to proceed.)
21. Just as he --- the room the clock struck. (To enter.)
22. Now that we --- safe we stopped to take breath. (To feel.)
23. Wherever he --- the people gathered to listen. (To preach.)
24. He speaks as though he --- very angry. (To be.)
25. He ran because he --- in a hurry. (To be.)
26. I do it because I --- to. (To choose.)
27. He advanced as far as he ---. (To dare.)
28. He lost more than he --- afford. (Can or could?)
29. He eats as much as he ---. (Can or could?)
30. He rode as swiftly as he ---. (Can or could?)
31. He locked the papers up so that they --- be safe. (May or might?)
32. He walked as though he --- slightly lame. (To be.)
33. He stayed at home because he --- feeling ill, (To be.)
34. I forgive you since you ---. (To repent.)
35. He labours hard so that he --- become rich. (May or might?)
36. We shall wait here until you ---. (To come.)
37. He rested his horse, for it ---. (To limp.)
38. You may sit wherever you ---. (To like.)
39. He went to Kolkata that he --- find work. (May or might?)
40. I would die before I --- . (To lie).
41. They come to see us as often as they ---. (Can or could?)
42. I studied hard in order that I --- succeed. (May or might?)
43. He so hard that he is certain to succeed. (To work.)
44. She told me that she --- come. (Will or would?)
45. He would succeed if he ---. (To try.)
46. I asked him what --- I do. (Can or could?)
47. He came oftener than we --- . (To expect.)
48. I would not attempt it if you --- me, (To ask.)
49. He walked so fast than I --- not overtake him . (Can or could?)
Exercise 102.
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate auxiliary (Remember to observe the sequence
offenses.)
1. He died so that he --- save the flag.
2. They erected signposts in order that the road --- be known.
3. We eat so that we --- live.
4. Even if he paid me to do so, I --- not live in his house.
5. You --- go only if you have permission.
6. On the understanding that you return soon, you --- go out.
7. A bridge was built in order that the dangerous ferry --- be avoided.
8. He begs from door to door that he --- keep body and soul together.
9. He was so tired that he --- scarcely stand.
10. he went to England in order he --- become a barrister.
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11. You make such a noise that I --- not work.
12. He asked again whether supper --- be ready soon.
13. In order that he --- learn the language quickly, he engaged a teacher.
14. He said that he --- do it.
15. The thieves stole whatever they --- find in the house.
16. He begged that we --- pardon him.
17. I wished that I --- come earlier.
18. He said that he --- try again.
19. He worked hard so that he --- win the prize.
20. We ran so that we --- arrive in time.
21. He said that he --- give an early reply.
Exercise 103.
Supply Verbs in correct concord in the following complex sentences:-
1. They sold the house because it --- old.
2. He solemnly assured them that they --- quite mistaken.
3. I come home when it --- to rain.
4. The soldiers advanced when the bugle --- .
5. I asked him what his name --- .
6. He had a cow that --- enormous quantities of milk.
7. When the sun set he --- home.
8. He told them that they --- wrong.
9. I heard that there --- a disturbance in the city.
10. Could you doubt that there --- a God ?
CHAPTER 16
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
98. We may report the words of a speaker in two ways:-
(i) We may quote his actual words. This is called Direct Speech.
(ii) We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This is called Indirect
(or Reported) Speech.
Direct. -- Rama said. “I am very busy now.â€
Indirect. -- Rama said that he was very busy then.
It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact
words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not. It will be further noticed that in
changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect certain changes have been made. Thus:
(i) We have used the conjunction that before the Indirect statement.(The that is often
omitted especially in spoken English)
(ii) The pronoun I is changed to he. (The Pronoun is changed in Person.)
(iii) The verb am is changed to was. (Present Tense is changed to Past.)
(iv) The adverb now is changed to then.
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Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect
99. When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all Present tenses of the
Direct are changed into the corresponding Past Tenses. Thus:-
(a) A simple present becomes a simple past.
Direct. -- He said, “I am unwell.â€
Indirect. -- He said (that) he was unwell.
(b) A present continuous becomes a past continuous.
Direct. -- He said, “My master is writing letters.â€
Indirect. -- He said (that) his master was writing letters.
(c) A present perfect becomes a past perfect.
Direct. -- He said, “I have passed the examination.â€
Indirect. -- He said (that) he had passed the examination.
Note:- The shall of the Future Tense is changed into should. The will of the Future Tense
is changed into would or should. As a rule, the simple past in the Direct becomes the past
perfect in the Indirect.
Direct. -- He said, “The horse died in the night.â€
Indirect. -- He said that the horse had died in the night.
99A. The tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal
truth. We can often choose whether to keep the original tenses or change them.
Direct. – “I know her address,†said Gopi.
Indirect. -- Gopi said he knows/knew her address.
Direct. -- The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.â€
Indirect. -- The teacher said the earth goes/went round the sun.
Direct. – “German is easy to learn†, she said.
Indirect. -- She said German is/was easy to learn.
The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are
reporting objectively.
100. If the reporting verb is in the Present Tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not
change. For example, we may rewrite the above examples, putting the reporting verb in
the Present Tense, thus:
He says he is unwell.
He has just said his master is writing letters.
He says he has passed the examination.
He says the horse died in the night.
101. The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed, where necessary, so that their
relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original speaker, are
indicated. Observe the following examples :-
Direct. -- He said to me, “I don't believe you.â€
Indirect. -- He said he didn't believe me.
Direct. -- She said to him, “I don't believe you.â€
Indirect. -- She said she didn't believe him.
Direct. -- I said to him, “I don’t believe you.â€
