16. Of all the men I know none is less inclined than he is to believe ill of others. (Reduce
to two clauses.)
17. When the monsoon broke, the temperature fell rapidly. (Simple sentence, “break” as
subject; replace “fell” by noun).
18. He has squandered his fortune, estranged his friends and ruined his health by his
recklessness and extravagance. (Use “not only – but”.)
19. He has discovered new facts and advanced new arguments, but my opinion is
unchanged. (Complex sentence; negative principal clause with verb in active voice; two
adjectival clauses.)
20. He is notoriously mean in his treatment of his servants. [Rewrite in four ways:-
(1) Simple sentence with “treatment” as subject; (2) Simple sentence with “treat” as the
verb; (3) Complex sentence with a noun clause; (4) Complex sentence with an adjective
clause and “meanness” as subject of the principal clause].
21. You can imagine my annoyance on learning of the postponement of the football
match. (Complex sentence; three subordinate clauses.)
22. His sole income is what he earns by his pen. (Make the principal clause negative.)
23. A sailing ship was wrecked here last December. [Rewrite in three ways so as to
emphasize (1) “sailing”, (2) “here”, (3) “December”].
24. It is probable that he will come back. (Simple sentence; replace “probable” and
“come back” by nouns.
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CHAPTER 12
SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES
Combination of two or more Simple sentences into a single
Simple sentence
87. Synthesis is the opposite of Analysis and means the combination of a number of
simple sentences into one new sentence-Simple, Compound or Complex.
88. The following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple sentences into
one Simple sentence:-
(i) By using a Participle.
1. He jumped up. He ran away.
Jumping up, he ran away.
2. He was tired of play. He sat down to rest.
Tired (or, being tired) of play, he sat down to rest.
(ii) By using a Noun or a Phrase in Apposition.
1. This is my friend. His name is Rama.
This is my friend Rama.
2. I spent two days in Cox's Bazar. It is one of the most attractive spots in Bangladesh.
I spent two days in Cox's Bazar, one of the most attractive spots in Bangladesh.
3. This town was once a prosperous sea-port. It is now a heap of ruins.
This town, once a prosperous sea-port, is now a heap of ruins.
(iii) By using a Preposition with a Noun or Gerund.
1. The moon rose. Their journey was not ended.
The moon rose before the end of their journey.
2. He has failed many times. He still hopes to succeed.
In spite of many failures he hopes to succeed.
3. Her husband died. She heard the news. She fainted.
On hearing the news of her husband's death, she fainted.
(iv) By using the Nominative Absolute Construction.
1. The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed.
The soldiers having arrived, the mob dispersed.
2. The town was enclosed by a strong wall. The enemy was unable to capture it.
The town having been enclosed by a strong wall, the enemy was unable tb capture it. (v)
(v)By using an Infinitive.
1. I have some duties. I must perform them.
I have some duties to perform.
2. We must finish this exercise. There are still three sentences.
We have still three sentences of this exercise to finish.
3. He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to Europe.
He sent his son to Europe to be educated.
4. He is very fat. He cannot run.
He is too fat to run.
(vi) By using an Adverb or an Adverbial Phrase.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
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1. He deserved to succeed. He failed.
He failed undeservedly.
2. The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.
The boys had not finished the game by sunset.
89. Several of these methods may be combined in the same sentence.
The sun rose. The fog dispersed. The general was determined to delay no longer. He gave
the order to advance.
At sunrise, the fog having dispersed, the general, determined to delay no longer, gave the
order to advance.
Exercise 88.
Combine each set of sentences into one Simple sentence by using Participles:-
1. He hurt his foot. He stopped.
2. The thief had been in prison before. He received severe sentences.
3. He was unwilling to go any further. He returned home.
4. They saw the uselessness of violence. They changed their policy.
5. He was weary of failure. He emigrated to Africa.
6. The King was warned of his danger. He made good his escape.
7. He lost a large sum of money. He gave up speculation.
8. I received no answer. I knocked a second time.
9. His wife encouraged him. He persevered.
10. He gave up his situation. He was not satisfied with his salary.
11. He felt tired. He laid his work aside.
12. He went straight on. He saw Hari on the path.
13. The stable door was open. The horse was stolen.
14. The hunter took up his gun. He went out to shoot the Hon.
15. I went to Mumbai last year. I wished to see a dentist.
16. A crow stole a piece of cheese. She flew to her nest to enjoy the tasty meal.
17. The magician took pity on the mouse. He turned it into a cat.
18. A passenger alighted from the train. He fell over a bag on the platform.
19. My sister was charmed with the silk. She bought ten yards.
20. I did not hear his answer. It was spoken quietly.
21. The steamer was delayed by a storm. She came into port a day late.
22. He had resolved on a certain course. He acted with vigour.
23. The letter was badly written. I had great difficulty in making out its contents.
24. A hungry fox saw some bunches of grapes. They were hanging from a vine.
25. Cinderella hurried away with much haste. She dropped one of her little glass-slippers.
26. I was walking along the street one day, I saw a dead snake.
27. He was overpowered. He surrendered.
28. He ran at top speed. He got out of breath.
29. He possessed all the advantages of education and wealth. He never made a name.
30. He was occupied with important matters. He had no leisure to see visitors,
31. The Russians burnt Moscow. The French were forced to quit it.
32. The votes on each side were equal. The chairman gave his casting vote against the
resolution.
33. Wolsey lost the favour of his master. He was dismissed from his high offices.
34. He is a big boy. He is very strong. He is in the foot-ball team:
35. He came to me. He wanted leave. He was ill.
36. I heard Abdul. He was shouting very loudly. He was calling me.
37. He raised his gun. He took aim. He shot the tiger.
38. He could not eat hard food. He was very old. He had lost his teeth.
39. I have told you the facts. I have nothing more to say. I will sit down.
40. I was returning home. I saw a man. He looked very ill. He was lying by the roadside.
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Exercise 89.
Combine each set of sentenced into one Simple sentence by using Nouns or Phrases in
Apposition:-
1. There goes my brother. He is called Sohrab.
2. The cow provides milk. Milk is a valuable food.
3. Mr. Pundit was elected President. He is a well-known Sanskrit scholar.
4. Coal is a very important mineral. It is hard, bright, black and brittle.
5. We saw the picture. It is a very fine piece of work.
6. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340. He is the first great English poet.
7. Tagore's most famous work is the Gitanjali. It is a collection of short poems.
8. His only son died before him. He was a lad of great promise.
9. His uncle was a millionaire. He sent him to England for his education.
10. The dog bit the man. He was a notorious burglar.
11. Bruno is my faithful dog. I love him.
12. Jawaharlal Nehru died in 1964. He was the first Prime Minister of India.
13. De Lesseps made the Suez Canal. This Was a great work. He was a French engineer.
14. Mr. Pundit lives in Dustipore. He is the Collector. It is a large town.
Exercise 90.
Combine each set of sentences into one Simple sentence by using Prepositions with
Nouns or Gerunds:-
1. He attended to his duties. He earned promotion.
2. He must confess his fault. He may thus escape punishment.
3. He was ill last term. He was unable to attend school.
4. I forgave him his fault. That has not prevented him from repeating it.
5. The bugle sounded. The weary soldiers leapt to their feet.
6. The word of command will be given. You will then fire.
7. He set traps every night. He cleared his house of rats.
8. The judge gave his decision. The court listened silently.
9. He expects to obtain leave. He has already bought his steamer ticket.
10. He has a good record. It is impossible to suspect such a man.
11. Even a bird will defend its young ones. It then shows great courage.
12. There was a want of provisions. The garrison could hold out no longer.
13. You helped me. Otherwise I should have been drowned.
14. T have examined the statement. I find many errors in it.
15. He is free from disease. At least he appears to be so.
16. His son died. This gave him a shock. He never fully recovered from it
17. He took the law in his own hands. He was not justified in doing so.
18. It rained hard. The streets were flooded.
19. He made heroic efforts to succeed. He failed.
20. The weather is pleasant. It is a little cold however.
21. He was rude, I took no notice of it.
22. He has stolen the purse. There is no doubt about this.
23. She wants to marry a foreigner. Her father is opposed to this.
24. He entered the room with his hat on. His behaviour surprised me.
25. He got great honour. He saved the life of the Rajah.
26. There was an advertisement in the newspaper. His interest was aroused.
27. He amused us very much. He sang a funny song.
28. The prince was ill. The people heard of it. They crowded to the palace.
29. The prince recovered. The people received the news. They were very enthusiastic.
30. He makes a lot of money. He buys horses. He sells horses.
31. I saw a sowar. He had a lance in his hand. He had a sword by his side.
32. She stood there for hours. She did not move. She did not speak.
33. The discovery of his crime was a heavy blow. His reputation suffered. His business
decreased.
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Exercise 91.
Combine each set of sentences into one simple sentence by using the Nominative
Absolute construction:-
1. His friend arrived. He was very pleased.
2. The rain fell. The crops revived.
3. The storm ceased. The sun came out.
4. The troops were ordered out. The police were unable to hold the mob in check.
5. The holidays are at an end. Boys are returning to school.
6. The wind failed. The crew set to work with a will.
7. It was a very hot day. I could not do my work satisfactorily.
8. His house has been burned down. He lives in an hotel.
9. The king died. His eldest son came to the throne.
10. His father was dead. He had to support his widowed mother.
11. Rain was plentiful this year. Rice is cheap.
12. The secretaryship was vacant. Nobody was willing to undertake duties of the post. I
offered my services.
13. The prisoner was questioned. No witness came forward. The Judge dismissed the
case.
14. The sun rose. The fog cleared away. The lighthouse was seen less than a mile away.
15. He fired his gun. The ball went high. The tiger sprang on him.
16. The master was out of the room. The door was shut The boys made a lot of noise.
Exercise 92.
Combine each set of sentences into one Simple sentence by using Infinitives:-
1. He had no money. He could not give any away.
2. I have told you all. There is nothing more to be said.
3. He cannot afford a motor-car. He is too poor.
4. I heard of his good fortune. I was glad of that.
5. The information is of no use to us. It has come too late.
6. Your father will hear of your success. He will be delighted.
7. You did not invest all your savings in one concern. You were prudent.
8. He did not have even a rupee with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread.
9. The Pathan took out a knife, His intention was to frighten the old man.
10. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
11. He wants to earn his livelihood. He works hard for that reason.
12. The strikers held a meeting. They wished to discuss the terms of the employers.
13. He has five children. He must provide for them.
14. Napoleon was one of the greatest of generals. This is universally acknowledged.
15. His Majesty desired to kill Gulliver secretly. Various means were employed for this
purpose.
16. I will speak the truth. I am not afraid of the consequences.
17. He is very honourable. He will not break his word.
18. He has some bills. He must pay them.
19. He must apologise. He will not escape punishment otherwise.
20. He keeps some fierce dogs. They will guard his house. They will keep away robbers.
Exercise 93
Combine each set of sentences into one Simple sentence by using Adverbs or Adverbial
Phrases:-
1. I accept your statement. I do it without reserve.
2. He answered me. His answer was correct.
3. He forgot his umbrella. That was careless.
4. He is a bad boy. This is certain.
5. The train is very late. That is usual.
6. I shall come back. I shall not be long.
7. He kicked the goal-keeper. It was his intention to do so.
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8. He was obstinate. He refused to listen to advice.
9. He spent all his money. This was foolish.
10. He was not at the meeting. His absence was unavoidable.
11. He applied for leave. It was not granted.
12. He admitted his error. He expressed his regret.
13. I met him only once. It was in a railway carriage.
14. He has succeeded. His success has been beyond my expectation.
15. It must be done. The cost does not count.
16. I have read Bacon. It has profited me greatly.
17. He persevered. He was not deterred by obstacles.
18. The door was open. It looked rather suspicious.
19. He is not qualified for the post. He is not qualified in any degree.
20. The blow dazed him. That condition lasted only for a time.
21. I did not eat any of the poisoned food. This was lucky.
22. He solved the problem. Its .solution took him no time.
23. He visited Ooty. He did so for reasons of health,
24. He accomplished the task. He brought unflagging industry to his accomplishment.
25. Boys grow up to be men. The growth is very slow. It cannot be seen.
26. Rama struck Krishna. His blows were cruel. They were frequent. There was no reason
for this.
Exercise 94.
(Miscellaneous) Combine each set of sentences into one Simple sentence:-
1. Homer was a great poet. He was born somewhere. Nobody knows where.
2. He was a leader. He did not follow other men. Such was his nature.
3. 1 bought this hat two years ago. It is still good. It is fit to wear.
4. He devoted himself to public affairs. He never took a holiday. This continued for thirty
years.
5. Clive made proposals. Some opposed the proposals. The majority supported them.
They were carried.
6. Clive was determined to reform the administration. Reforms were needed. He
informed the council accordingly.
7. The man was innocent. He could have defended himself. He refused to speak. He was
afraid of convicting his friend.
8. He was in prison. His friend was in the next cell. There was a brick wall between the
cells. He made a hole in the wall. He was able to talk to his friend.
9. The boy was drowning. He shouted for help. A workman heard the boy's shouts.
He plunged into the river. He risked his own life.
10. The traveller was toiling slowly over the desert. He suddenly turned round. He
heard his companion's voice. His companion was crying for help.
11. We returned down the valley of the Jamuna. We came first to Delhi. Delhi is the
capital of India.
12. The art of printing was introduced into England during the reign of Edward IV.
The art of printing was introduced by William Caxton. William Caxton was a native of
Kent.
13. He struck his foot against a stone. He fell to the ground. He made his clothes very
dirty.
14. The sun shone on the corn. The corn ripened. It did this in a short time. The farmer
was filled with joy.
15. He opened his letters. He read them carefully. He sent for his clerk. He dictated
answers to them.
16. He paid all his late father's debts. This was a very honest proceeding. It was very
creditable to him.
17. He has two horses. He must feed them. He must water them. He must groom them.
He must bring them to his master at 12 o'clock.
18. He goes to school. He wishes to learn. He wants to grow up honest, healthy and
clever.
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19. There was a man hiding in my garden. He was armed with a gun. He was a Pathan.
My notice was drawn to it.
20. The soldiers were starving. Their ammunition was expended. Their clothes were
in rags. Their leaders were dead. The enemy easily defeated them.
21. Napoleon was the first Emperor of the French. He was a great soldier. He inspired his
armies with the most war-like spirit. This was the cause of their many victories.
22. Wellington was the greatest of English admirals. Napoleon was the greatest of French
soldiers. They were contemporaries. They were the heroes of their respective countries.
23. The miser laughed. He found himself richer by a rupee. He saw his adversary
outwitted.
24. He hardened his heart. He wished to punish the people mercilessly. He wanted to
make an example of them once and for all.
25. He receives much gratitude. He performs kindly actions. He is not harsh in the
execution of his duty. He does not oppress the poor.
26. His friends assembled. They offered him their congratulations upon his safe return.
Everybody was comfortably seated. He described all his adventures.
27. The thieves poisoned the dog. He had brought it from England/He had trained it
carefully to protect his property.
28. Vultures appeared one after another. They were wheeling round and round. They
were descending towards the spot. They had cruel beaks and talons.
29. The room was covered with blood. It stained the walls and ceiling. It darkened the
floor. It flowed in a stream under the door. It stood in puddles everywhere.
30. The house had been pulled down. Another had been built in its place. It was difficult
to identify the exact spot.
31. He earned the hatred of all good men. He incited youths to crime. He furnished them
with means. He himself kept safely out of the way in time of danger.
32. He copied from the next boy. This was a mean and dishonest action. It brought
disgrace upon him. He was punished for it.
33. He had not sufficient courage. He could not face the opposition of his caste fellows.
He could not go away from his native place to begin life afresh.
34. Rabindranath Tagore founded Shantiniketan. He was a Nobel laureate. He was the
author of the national anthem.
35. He could not finish his work. He had no opportunity. He could not do much of it in
fact. He was very often ill. He was frequently absent.
36. The criminal was a man of his own caste. He was an ungrateful and incorrigible
wretch. He had often helped him.
37. He went for a walk one day. He saw a wounded bird. He picked it up. He brought
it home. He carefully tended it for some time. It completely recovered. This gave him
great joy.
38. I knew a boy at school. He is now famous as a soldier. He is known to the tribesmen
as the “Sleepless One”. He is greatly feared by them.
39. The water had boiled. The tea was made. The food was ready, The table was spread.
They sat down to eat and drink.
40. He deserves my thanks. He found my purse. He returned it to me. He took nothing
out of it.
41. I saw a dog. It had three legs. It had only one ear. It was a terrier. It was a well bred
little animal.
42. He must clean all the silver. He must put it away. He must lock it up. He must bring
me the key of the box. These were my orders to him.
43. The horse had many of the points of a racer. It had slim legs. It had high withers. It
had powerful quarters. It had a tremendous stride.
44. He was a great statesman. He had worked well for his country. He was very popular.
He was awarded the title of “Bharat Ratna”.
A work from S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.
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45. Wood was collected. Camp fires were lighted. Food was cooked. Food was eaten.
The army lay down to sleep.
46. He alienated his friends. His conduct was disgraceful. He was put in goal.
47. Rama had a wide knowledge of the business. Krishna had the necessary capital. They
combined resources. They entered into partnership.
48. Their father had a large sum of money. He divided it equally between them by his
will. The daughters were eagerly sought in marriage.
49. The ground is soft and marshy. There are many frogs. Snakes abound there. They are
the enemies of mankind.
50. His hopes are high. His superiors are pleased with him. He is justified in hoping.
51. He rode along for hours. He did not strike his horse. He did not spur it.
52.I have some advice. I must give it to you. I must impress it strongly upon you.
53. I hear rumours about Laxman. He is an old pupil of mine. He is a good cricketer. He
is a good football player. He is not a steady worker.
54. He was delighted with the intelligence and brightness of the scholars. He over looked
the fact of their knowing few things by heart.
55. He built a house. It had many large doors. It had many large windows. It had wide
verandahs. It had a general air of coolness and comfort.
56. He told a story. It was about a man. The man had great strength. He was a famous
warrior.
57. He came to Mumbai. He wished to see his father. He had some business to settle.
58. After the storm the boat had no mast. It could not keep before the wind. It could not
return to port.
59. The cage contains a tiger. The cage was strongly built. It was so built for this purpose.
60. The ancient myths of India have been preserved in the minds of the people. They
have been preserved with great care. This has been done by priests. It has also
been done by the learned men. These are the guardians of the lamp of learning.
CHAPTER 13
SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES (Contd.)
Combination of two or more Simple Sentences into a single
Compound sentence
90. Simple sentences may be combined to form Compound sentences by the use of
Coordinative Conjunctions. These are of four kinds:- Cumulative, Adversative,
Alternative, and Illative.
A. 1. Night came on. The room grew dark.
Night came on and the room grew dark.
2. He is a fool. He is a knave.
He is a fool and a knave.
[Or] He is both a fool and a knave.
[Or] He is not only a fool but also a knave.
[Or] He is a fool as well as a knave.
3. The wind blew. The rain fell. The lightning flashed.
The wind blew, the rain fell, and the lightning flashed.
It will be noticed that the conjunction and simply adds one statement to another.
The conjunctions both -- and, not only -- but also, as well as are emphatic forms of and
and do the same work.
Conjunctions which merely add one statement to another are Cumulative.
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B. 1. He is slow. He is sure.
He is slow but he is sure.
2. I was annoyed. I kept quiet.
I was annoyed, still (or yet) I kept quiet.
3. He failed. He persevered.
He failed, nevertheless he persevered.
4. I shall not oppose your design. I cannot approve of it.
I shall not oppose your design; I cannot, however, approve of it.
5. He was all right. He was fatigued.
He was all right; only he was fatigued.
It will be noticed that the conjunctions but, still, yet, nevertheless, however, express a
contrast between one sentence and the other. Some of these conjunctions (still, yet,
however, nevertheless) are more emphatic than but.
Conjunctions which express opposition or contrast between two statements are called
Adversastive
C. 1. Make haste. You will be late.
Make haste or you will be late.
2. Come in. Go out.
Come in or go out.
[Or more emphatically]. Either come in or go out.
3. Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender.
Do not be a borrower or a lender.
Or: Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
It will be noticed that the conjunctions or, either -- or, neither -- nor, express a choice
between two alternatives.
Conjunctions which express a choice between two alternatives are called Alternative.
D. 1. He was obstinate. He was punished.
He was obstinate; therefore he was punished.
2. I cannot see. It is very dark.
I cannot see, for it is very dark.
3. It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me.
It is raining heavily, so I will take an umbrella with me.
It will be noticed that the conjunctions therefore, for, so, etc., join sentences in which one
statement is inferred from the other.
Conjunctions which express an inference are called Illative.
1. Abdul is ill. He cannot study. He still attends school
Abdul is ill and cannot study, yet he still attends school jh
2. He saw the boy in the street. He stopped to speak to him. He gave him a rupee.
Seeing the boy in the street, he stopped to speak to him and gave him a rupee.
Exercise 95.
Combine each set of Simple sentences into one Compound sentence:-
1. He does well. He is nervous at the start.
2. The way was long. The wind was cold.
3. It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me.
4. The harvest truly is plenteous. The labourers are few.
5. It was a stormy night. We ventured out.
6. Football is a vigorous and healthy game. Every boy should play it.
7. He is foolish. He is also obstinate.
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8. I am in the right. You are in the wrong.
9. We can (ravel by land. We can travel by water.
10. The train was wrecked. No one was hurt.
11. The paper is good. The binding is very bad.
12. We must hasten. The robbers will overtake us.
13. The prince married the beautiful princess. They lived happily ever after.
14. The river is deep and swift. I am afraid to dive into it.
15. He was fined. He was sent to prison.
16. You may go to the theatre. Rama may go to the theatre.
17. Bruce was lying on his bed. He looked up to the roof. He saw a spider.
18. I cried out sadly. 1 beat my head and breast. I threw myself down on the ground.
19. You may play hockey. You may play football. You must do either of the two.
20. You may be wrong. Rashid may be wrong. You cannot both be right.
21. I got up. I looked about everywhere. I could not perceive my companions.
22. In Hyderabad I visited Charminar, Golkonda Fort and Birla Mandir. I could not visit
Salar Jung Museum.
23. A is equal to B. B is equal to C. A is equal to C.
24. Most of the rebels were slain. A few escaped. They hid in the woods and marshes.
The rebellion was quickly suppressed.
25. He was my school-fellow. He has become a great man. He has grown proud. He
forgets his old friends.
26. I did not see you. I should have spoken to you. I had important news. Delay was
dangerous.
27. Make haste. You will be late. There is no other train till midnight. That train is a slow
one.
28. Their boats are made of a kind of bark. They are very light. They can easily be carried
on the shoulders.
29. The emu, or Australian ostrich, does not sit on its eggs. It covers them up with leaves
and grass. It leaves them to be hatched by the heat of the sun.
30. We must catch the 5 o'clock train. There is only half an hour left. We must start
without further delay.
31. A timid dog is dangerous, He always suspects ill-treatment. He tries to protect
himself by snapping.
32. A husbandman had sown some corn in his fields. He had only recently done so.
Cranes came to eat the corn. The husbandman fixed a net in his fields to catch the cranes.
33. The monsoon failed. The lanks became almost empty. No grain could be sown. A
famine was feared. The ryots looked anxiously for the next monsoon. It proved unusually
abundant. The danger was averted.
34. The second class carriage is full. We may pay first class fare. We may not travel first
class with second class tickets. That is forbidden.
35. He is a rich man. He did not earn his wealth. He does not appreciate the value of
money. He squanders it.
36. He beat me in the race. He is a year older. He naturally runs faster. Next year I may
do better.
37. The storm abated. The sun shone. The ship-wrecked mariners could see no sign of
land. They were adrift in midocean.
38. Generally your conduct is good. You have been guilty of an act of folly. You will not
he punished. I advise you to be more prudent in future.
39. I lost my way. I asked a policeman to direct me. He was new to his work. He could
not help me. He called a gentleman passing by to my assistance.
40. The engine-driver saw the danger. He applied the brakes. The line was greasy. The
brakes failed to act quickly. The train crashed into the gates at the crossing. The engine
left the rails.
41. The rain fell steadily for several days. The river overflowed its banks. The terrified
villagers abandoned their homes. They fled to the higher ground. Soon the floods retired.
The villagers were able to return.
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CHAPTER 14
SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES (Contd.)
Combination of two or more Simple sentences into a single
Complex sentence
I. Subordinate Clause a Noun Clause
91. In the following examples the Subordinate clause is a Noun clause :-
1. You are drunk. That aggravates your offence.
That you are drunk aggravates your offence.
2. He will be late. That is certain.
It is certain that he will be late.
3. You are repentant. I will not forget it.
I will not forget that you are repentant.
4. He may be innocent. I do not know.
I do not know whether he is innocent.
5. He is short-sighted. Otherwise he is fit for the post.
Except that he is short-sighted he is fit for the post.
6. The clouds would disperse. That was our hope. Our hope was cheering.
Our hope that the clouds would disperse, was cheering.
7. The game was lost. It was the consequence of his carelessness.
The consequence of his carelessness was that the game was lost.
II. Subordinate Clause an Adjective Clause
92. In the following examples the Subordinate clause is an Adjective clause:
1. A fox once met a lion. The fox had never seen a lion before.
A fox who had never seen a lion before met him.
2. She keeps her ornaments in a safe. This is the safe.
This is the safe where she keeps her ornaments.
3. A cottager and his wife had a hen. The hen laid an egg every day. The egg was golden.
A cottagger and his wife had a hen which laid an egg every day.
